CXHY | |||
() | |||
() CH4; CH3CHCH3 | CH3 | () CH3 ; CH3 | ||
CH2=CH2; CH3C=CH2 ½ 3 | HCºCH; CH3CH-CºCH | CH3 | CH2 / \ H2C CH2; H2CCHCH3 | | H2CCH2 | |
CH2=C=CH2; CH2=CCH=CH2 | CH3 |
() .
()
, sp3 σ- | ||||
CnH2n+2 (n ³ 1) | ||||
( ) | ||||
CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 CH3(CH2)7CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)9CH3 CH3(CH2)10CH3 | CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2(CH2)2CH3 CH2(CH2)3CH3 CH2(CH2)4CH3 CH2(CH2)5CH3 CH2(CH2)6CH3 CH2(CH2)7CH3 CH2(CH2)8CH3 CH2(CH2)9CH3 CH2(CH2)10CH3 | |||
4 n ≥ 4 | ||||
- | 0,154 (1 = 10-9 ) | |||
( n=4) C4H10: CH3CH2CH2CH3 . CH3CHCH3 | CH3 () C5H12: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 . CH3CHCH2CH3 | CH3 () CH3 | CH3CCH3 - | CH3 C10H22: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CH3CHCHCH2CHCH3 | | | CH3 C2H5 CH3 2,5--3- | ( c n=3) C3H7: CH2CH2CH3 CHCH3 | CH3 C4H9: CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CHCH3 | CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3 - | CH3 | CCH3 - | CH3 C5H11 CH2CH2CHCH3 | CH3 | |||
CH4 C4H10 C5H12 C15H32 16H34
( ) ( ) ( )
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T. T. .
.
. :
RH + XY RX + HY
, | |
I. 1. ( -). - | Hv CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl - HCl hv CH4+2Cl2 CH2Cl2 - 2HCl hv CH4+3Cl2 CHCl3 () - 3HCl hv CH4+4Cl2 CCl4 ( - 4HCl ) |
2. ( ). | CH3 CH3 | -140C | CH3CHCH2CH3 + HONO2 CH3CCH2CH3 (.) -H2O | NO2 2--2- ( .) |
3. ( ) | CH3 T | CH3CH2CH2CH3+HOSO3H CH3CH2CHSO3H (.) - H2O 2- (-2-) |
II. 1. () | T CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O T 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O |
2. ( - ) | , . C2H6 + O2 CH3CHO + H2O , . 2CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 5O2 4CH3COOH + 2H2O |
3. KMn4 | |
III. ( -) | : ~ 1000 2CH4 3H2 + HCºCH ~ 1200 CH4 C + 2H2 : Cr2O3, ~600 CH3CH2CH3 H2 + CH3CH=CH2 |
IV. ( ) | ~800 CH3CH2CH3 CH4 + CH2=CH2 C6H14 C2H6 + CH3CH2CH=CH2 . -1 |
V. | Pt, 300 CH3(H2)4CH3 C6H6 + 4H2 . |
VI. | , . CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3 . | CH3 |
1. | 4 80 98 . |
2. | Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 |
1. | , . CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 , . CnH2n-2 + 2H2 CnH2n+2 |
2. | 2CnH2n+1Hal + 2Na CmH2m+2 (m = 2n) - 2NaHal : 2CH3Br + 2Na C2H6 + 2NaBr +Na CH3Cl +C2H5Cl C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 -NaCl |
1. - | 4 CnH2n+1COONa + NaOH CnH2n+2 + Na2CO3 (.) (.) : T CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3 |
2. ( + 2) | , . nCO + (2n + 1)H2 CnH2n+2 + nH2O |
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