Y. Y2 DV DV. . , (n, l, m l, m s). , . , n, l, m l, (). - . .
, n , . n =1, 2, 3.... n ( ).
, . . n l . l = 0, 1, 2, 3...(n - 1) s, p, d, f ( s -, p -, d -, f - ). , (1 s), - (2 s 2 p), - (3 s, 3 p, 3 d) ..
m l , . m l = - l, -(l -1),.., -1, 0, +1,.., (l -1), l.
, m s. . m s = 1/2 ¯.
. , . , n, l, m l, n, l m l. m s (¯). , . (n) (l) . . . , , .
1. ? ?
n = 2. n. , l l = 0, 1, 2...(n -1). , l = 0 l = 1, .. s - p - . - l + l. . :
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4
N | ||||
l | 0(s) | 1 (p) | ||
m l | -1 | +1 | ||
m s | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ |
2s2 | 2p6 |
. 4. , s ( ) p ( ). , . 2l + 1, 2(2l + 1), 2 n 2. , , , : s 2, p 6, d 10, f 14. , , 2, 8, 18, 32.
. , n. l . s -, p -, d - f -. s < p < d < f. n l , :
(n+ l ), n. :
(1 s)<(2 s)<(2 p)<(3 s)<(3 p)<(4 s)(3 d)<(4 p)<(5 s)(4 d)<(5 p)<(6 s)
, ( ). , . , .. . , 22. :
22Ti 1 s 22 s 22 p 63s23 p 64 s 23 d 2.
22.
, . (), , . , Ti...4 s 23 d 2.
. , (s 2, p 6). - , s 2, p 6, d 10, f 14. , , , . , ns, (n - 1)d (n - 2)f . , . () , ( IB, VIB .)
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. - . .
. , p-
. ¯. . , .
2. , , . .
26Fe 24Cr. 4- . , 4 s , 3 d. :
26Fe 1 s 2 2 s 22 p 6 3 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 6 , Z = 26.
"" :
24Cr 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 4, Z = 24.
3 d 4 (d 5). r :
24Cr 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 13 d 5.
4 s 13 d 5 4 s 23 d 4.
. Fe....4 s 23 d 6.
4 s 3 d s d . (16) 4 s , 3 d. 4 s , 3 d 4 p, Fe :
Fe
4 p
¯ | ¯ |
3 d 4 s
4 s . 3 d . d -. , 3 d 4 . . . . . , Fe s -, d -:
Fe....3 d 64 s 2, Fe2+....3 d 64 s 0, Fe3+....3 d 54 s 0.
Fe3+
Fe3+
¯ | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ |
3 d 4 s
, . . . , , . , , , . . , . , .
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3. , , .
:
F...2 s 22 p 5, Cl....3 s 23 p 5.
, . .
F
¯ | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | B=1. |
, 1. 3 ( 2- ) .
3- , s -, p -, d - . , 3- 4- . , :
Cl
¯ | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | B=1 |
3 s 3 p
Cl*
¯ | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | B=3 |
3 s 3 p 3 d
Cl**
¯ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | B=5 |
3 s 3 p 3 d
Cl***
¯ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | B=7 |
3 s 3 p 3 d
, .
81-84. :
81. (1 ) (7 );
82. (2 ) (6 );
83. (3 ) (6 );
84. (4 ) (8 ).
85-87. (. . 4 . 26) , : 85. n = 3; 86. n = 4; 87. n = 5. , .
88-91. , . .
88. 1p2, 2s2, 2p7, 3d1, 3f7, 4p6, 5s3, 3d14.
89. 1s2, 1p4, 2d10, 2p7, 3d5, 3f6, 4p6, 5d4.
90. 1s2, 2d5, 3s2, 3f4, 4p7, 5d2, 5s3, 5p4.
91. 1p6, 2s2, 2d2, 2p7, 3p3, 3f4, 4f16, 4p6.
92-94. . .
92. 3-[Ar 3d10]4s24p6; 4+ [Ne]3s2.
93. 2-[Ne]3s23p6; 3+ [Ar]3d10.
94. 2+[Ar]3d2; 4+[Ar].
95-97. , , .
95. Z=23; Z =34; Z =53.
96. Z =31; Z =25; Z =54.
97. Z =20; Z =40; Z =49.
98-100. . , .
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98. Z =21; Z =31; Z =16.
99. Z =22; Z =25; Z =33.
100. Z =14; Z =23; Z =35.
6.1
, , , ( ). , . , .
( ).
, , . . , , . .
1. 2- 40 . 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) , 1,02 /3.
.
, .. , 100 , %.
% = , (17)
m - , ;
m - , .
w = . % = w ×100%.
. .. 1 /3, m = 2000 × 1 / = 2000, :
m - = m + m = 2000 + 40 = 2040 .
:
% =