, .. NaCl (. 1.4 ), 6 R = /2, R - , a ; 12 R , 8 R ..
U = ( + ) = A . (1.1)
, , , - , .
, , , , . , ( 1918 .) .
. 1.2.
, (.. = 1). 75 .
1, , ,
U = A Z2 (1.2)
.
.1.10.
1.2
.. | ||
CsCl, . | 8, | 1,7627 |
NaCl, . | 6, | 1,7476 |
NiAs, ., / = 1,30 | 6, | 1,665 |
ZnS, . | 4, | 1,638 |
PtS, ., / = 1 | 4, | 1,605 |
: , , . |
U = + (p , (1.3)
, .
m = 1 = 5 12 (1.3) ; m = 6 = 12 , ( --).
.1.10. : 1 , 2 , 3 -
,
|
|
U = + exp ( , (1.4)
𝜌 .
(1.1) (1.3) (1.4)
U = + b/Rn, (1.5)
U = + exp ( . (1.6)
, R0
()R = Ro = , (1.7)
()R = Ro = . (1.8)
b
U= (1 - ) = , (1.9)
U = (1 - ). (1.10)
(1.9) -, (1.10) -. n , . n 6 Li 13 Ag. (NaCl, KCl) n = 9. (0, 035 0,005) , R0 = 0,3 , 1/10 .
1 :
U = , (1.11)
Z1, Z2 , N0 . (1.11) .
, . .
, , . , . , , : , , (+), (-):
.
, , UMX; IM, EX, , :
,
;
SM, ( 2) DX. ( ). , [ M ] ( 2) QMX.
, :
,
. (1.12)
, , ( -- ). .
QMX .
1 , . 1 = 1,6∙1019 . NA = 6,02∙1023 1, 96,48 /.
|
|
, , , , . , 1 = 1,46 ( ); 6,7 .
, IM .
, , , .
, , , , DX SX:
.
. (1.13)
. () R0 rk ra: R0 = rk + ra.
, , (), (), (-) .
: , , .
. .
, , .. , .. . .1.11.
k = r / r , , 1.3.
. 1.11. k = r / r
1.3
k = r / r | ||
3 | 0,153 ≤ k ≤ 0,225 | |
4 | 0,225 ≤ k ≤ 0,414 | |
6 | 0,414 ≤ k ≤ 0,732 | |
8 | 0,732 ≤ k ≤ 1,0 | |
1,0 |
.
, , r4, r6, r8, r12.
.. = 6, NaCl.
.. : .. = 12 .. = 6 12 %, .. = 8 .. = 6 4 %, .. = 4 .. = 6 6 %.
. (Si+4, P+5, S+6, I+7), .. . .. , .