.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, .. NaCl (. 1.4 ), 6 R = /2, R - , a ; 12 R , 8 R ..

U = ( + ) = A . (1.1)

, , , - , .

, , , , . , ( 1918 .) .

. 1.2.

, (.. = 1). 75 .

1, , ,

U = A Z2 (1.2)

.

.1.10.

1.2

..
CsCl, . 8, 1,7627
NaCl, . 6, 1,7476
NiAs, ., / = 1,30 6, 1,665
ZnS, . 4, 1,638
PtS, ., / = 1 4, 1,605
  : , , .  

U = + (p , (1.3)

 

, .

m = 1 = 5 12 (1.3) ; m = 6 = 12 , ( --).

 

 

.1.10. : 1 , 2 , 3 -

 

,

 

U = + exp ( , (1.4)

 

𝜌 .

(1.1) (1.3) (1.4)

 

U = + b/Rn, (1.5)

 

U = + exp ( . (1.6)

 

, R0

 

()R = Ro = , (1.7)

()R = Ro = . (1.8)

b

U= (1 - ) = , (1.9)

 

 

U = (1 - ). (1.10)

 

(1.9) -, (1.10) -. n , . n 6 Li 13 Ag. (NaCl, KCl) n = 9. (0, 035 0,005) , R0 = 0,3 , 1/10 .

1 :

 

U = , (1.11)

 

Z1, Z2 , N0 . (1.11) .

, . .

, , . , . , , : , , (+), (-):

.

, , UMX; IM, EX, , :

 

,

 

;

SM, ( 2) DX. ( ). , [ M ] ( 2) QMX.

, :

 

,

. (1.12)

, , ( -- ). .

QMX .

1 , . 1 = 1,6∙1019 . NA = 6,02∙1023 1, 96,48 /.

, , , , . , 1 = 1,46 ( ); 6,7 .

, IM .

, , , .

, , , , DX SX:

 

.

 

 

. (1.13)

 

. () R0 rk ra: R0 = rk + ra.

, , (), (), (-) .

: , , .

. .

, , .. , .. . .1.11.

k = r / r , , 1.3.

 

. 1.11. k = r / r

1.3

 

k = r / r
  3 0,153 ≤ k ≤ 0,225
  4 0,225 ≤ k ≤ 0,414
  6 0,414 ≤ k ≤ 0,732
  8 0,732 ≤ k ≤ 1,0
  1,0

 

.

, , r4, r6, r8, r12.

.. = 6, NaCl.

.. : .. = 12 .. = 6 12 %, .. = 8 .. = 6 4 %, .. = 4 .. = 6 6 %.

. (Si+4, P+5, S+6, I+7), .. . .. , .

 





:


: 2016-11-12; !; : 769 |


:

:

,
==> ...

1799 - | 1659 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.041 .