: = 0,02 M = 0,05 M V = V |
-? |
:
:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl= PbCl2 + 2HNO3
PbCl2 ,
> = 210 (.)
2 :
= n = = 2,510-2 /
= n = = 110-2 /
= 2,510 (110 )2 = 2,510
2,510 < 210-5 ( ), PbCl2 .
: PbCl2 .
3. , , 35 2 . .
) , 70 1,5 3 (..).
) , 80 5,6 ∙10-3 . 7,3 /3.
:
(II) (II):
= - 0,14 , = 0,34 .
< , , .
:
(-)Sn │ HCl │ Cu(+)K
(-)Sn │ H+ │ Cu(+)K
C :
A(-)Sn 2ē = Sn2+
(+)2+ + 2ē = 2
Sn + 2H+ = Sn2+ + H2
Sn + 2HCl = SnCl2 + H2 .
)
| (KV) : KV = , 3/2∙. KV : S , 2; τ , ; V , 3. |
, . , V = .
, KV = = 367,3 3/2∙.
Km :
Km = , /2∙.
.
:
() = (Sn) = =59,5 /,
= 11200 3/.
Km = = 1,95 /2∙.
: KV = 367,3 3/2∙.
Km = 1,95 /2∙.
)
| Km : Km = , /2∙. . |
Km : - []; S [2], τ - [].
: Km = = = 1,2 /2∙.
:
= = /.
: Km = 1,2 /2∙, = 1,44 /.
17. V VI
|
|
1. (III) :
) ;
) .
.
: Cr2O3; Zn; Si | : ) , I . c . |
Cr -? |
Cr2O3() + 3Zn() = 2r() + 3ZnO() (15.1)
-1058,97 0 0 3(-320,7)
/
(15.1) = [ (ZnO()) + 2 (r())]
- [ (Cr2O3()) + 3 (Zn())] = 3(-320,7) -
-(-1058,97) = 96,87
(15.1) > 0, .
) :
2Cr2O3() + 3Si() = 4r() + 3Si2() (15.2)
2(-1058,97) 0 0 3(-856,7)
/
(15.2) = [3 (SiO2()) + 4 (Cr())] -
-[2 (Cr2O3()) + 3 (Si())] = 3(-856,7)
-2(-1058,97) = -452,16
(15.2) < 0, .
: (III) .
2. , : 2CrO + 2H+ <=> Cr2O + H2O Cr2O CrO 4,5 / 0,001 /. = 1,11018.
: [Cr2O ]=4,5 / [CrO ]=0,001 / = 1,11018 |
-? |
:
2CrO + 2H+ <=> Cr2O + H2O
= -lg[H+]
Kc =
[H+] = = = /
= -lg2,0210-6 = 5,7
: = 5,7
3. .., , 20,71% . . .
| : : n(2) = n() () = 8 / |
() =
m = m +
m = 100 - = 100 20,71 = 79,29 .
() = = 30,63 /
() = , .
= ()∙ = 30,63∙6 = 183,77 /, .
: () = 30,63 /; W.
1. , :
Cr(NO3)3 + Br2 + KOH → K2CrO4 + KBr + KNO3 + H2O , 2 (III) 4,3 .
: m = 4,3 (Cr(NO3)3)= 2 / |
V-(r(NO3)3 -? |
:
Cr+3(NO3)3 + Br20 + KOH → → K2Cr+6O4 + KBr-1 + KNO3 + H2O
- Cr+3 - 3e = Cr+6 2
- Br20 + 2e = 2Br- 3
3Br2 + 2Cr+3 = 6Br- + 2Cr+6
. →6 . + → 16. → 82.
2Cr(NO3)3 +3Br2 +16KOH = 2K2CrO4 + 6KBr + 6KNO3 + 8H2O
:
n(Cr(NO3)3) = n(Br2)
V-(r(NO3)3 (Cr(NO3)3) =
M(Br) = /
V- (r(NO3)3 2 = ; V- (r(NO3)3 = 0,0269 = 26,9 3
: V- (r(NO3)3 = 26,9 3
2. CrCl3∙6H2O, 1 , 5% (.) . 5% CrCl3 1,05 .
|
|
: V- = 1 ω = 5% ρ-= 1,05 /3 | ω = , % |
m- = 11031,05 =1050 , 103 3. CrCl3 :
CrCl36H2O, 52,5 CrCl3, :
266 / - 158 / - 52,5
, :
:
3. , :
K2CrO4 → CrO3 → Cr2O3 → KCrO2 → Cr2(SO4)3
:
1. K2CrO4 + 2H2SO4 = rO3 + 2KHSO4 + H2O
t
2. 4rO3 = 2Cr2O3 + 3O2
t
3. Cr2O3 + 2KOH = 2KCrO2 + H2O
4. 2KCrO2 + 4H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O
VII
1. . :
FeCl2 + KMnO4 +HCl→FeCl3 + MnCl2+KCl + H2O
: |
, - |
:
Fe+2Cl2 + KMn+7O4 + HCl → Fe+3Cl3 + +Mn+2Cl2 + KCl + H2O
- Fe+2 - e = Fe+3 5
- Mn+7 + 5e = Mn+2 1
5Fe+2 + Mn+7 = 5Fe+3 + Mn+2
, Cl- c, 5 FeCl2 HCl . → 42.
5FeCl2 + KMnO4 + 8HCl = 5FeCl3 + MnCl2 + KCl + 4H2O
1. . :
Na2S + KMnO4 + H2O → MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
(Na2S), 4 KMnO4 250 3 Na2S.
: 4 = 250 3 = 0,25 |
, |
:
Na2S-2 + KMn+7O4 + H2O→ Mn+4O2 + Na2S+6O4 + KOH
- S-2 - 8e = S+6 3
- Mn+7 + 3e = Mn+4 8
3S-2 + 8Mn+7 = 3S0 + 8Mn+4
. + → 42.
3Na2S +8KMnO4 + 4H2O =8MnO2 +3 Na2SO4 +8KOH
: n(Na2S) = n(KMnO4)
;
= , /
ne - , KMnO4.
/
= /
: /.
2. . :
Mn(OH)4 + HCl → MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2 (..), 8 (IV) .
: m = 8 |
V -? |
:
Mn+4(OH)4 + HCl-1 →Mn+2Cl2 + Cl20 +H2O
- Cl-1 - e = Cl0 2
- Mn+4 + 2e = Mn+2 1
2Cl-1 + Mn+4 = Cl20 + Mn+2
, , Cl-1, MnCl2
Mn(OH)4 + 4HCl = MnCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O
- Vo
123 - 22,4
8 -
= = 1,46
: V = 1,46
3. . :
MnO2 + KClO3 + KOH → K2MnO4 + KCl + H2O. (IV), 150 3 1 KlO3.
: V =150 3= =0,15 (KClO3)= 1 / |
m -? |
:
Mn+4O2 + KCl+5O3 + KOH →
→ K2Mn+6O4 + KCl- + H2O
- Mn+4 - 2e = Mn+6 3
- Cl+5 + 6e = Cl- 1
3Mn+4 + Cl+5 = 3Mn+6 + Cl-
, +, :
3MnO2 + KClO3 + 6KOH = 3K2MnO4 + KCl + 3H2O
|
|
:
n(KClO3) = n(MnO2)
V (KClO3) =
M(MnO2) /
m = V (KClO3)∙
m = 0,151∙43,5 = 6,5
: m = 6,5
VIII
1. , :
Os4() +42() = Os() + 42() . ΔrG(298K).
: . |
-? |
:
298 :
< 0, ;
> 0, ..
:
= [ (Os()) + 4 (H2O())]
[ (OsO4()) + 4 (2())]
Os4() | + 42 () | = Os() | + 4 2() | |
/ | -302,5 | 4(-237,3) |
:
= 4(-237,3) (-302,5) = -646,7.
: < 0, .
2. 0,01 K3[Fe(CN)6], , , 0,02 / . [Fe(CN)6]3- 1.10-31.
: =0,01 /, KCN=0,02 /, = 1.10-31 |
[Fe3+] -? |
:
:
K3[Fe(CN)6]=[Fe(CN)6]3-+3+ (17.1)
[Fe(CN)6]3- 0,01 /, .
[Fe(CN)6]3- :
[Fe(CN)6]3- <=>Fe3+ + 6CN- ( ) (17.2)
(17.3)
- (17.2) CN-, KCN:
CN = + + N-
. Fe3+
/.
[CN-] CN-, CN [Fe(CN)6]3-:
[CN-] = +
[Fe(CN)6]3- CN
= 6 / [Fe(CN)6]3-
= ·α· = 0,0211 = 0,02 /,
CN
CN , α=1, =1.
:
[CN-] = (6 + 0,02) /.
, : 6 + 0,02 ≈ 0,02 /.
, (17.3) :
,
= [Fe3+] = 1,5610-23 /
: [Fe3+] = 1,5610-23 /.
3. : ) (II), ) (II) ( ). .
| ) CoSO4= Co2+ + SO42-, K(-) A(+) Co2+ + 2ē = Co SO42- 2H2O+2ē=H2+2OH- 2H2O-4ē=O2+4H+ |
Co 2, 2.
) PdCl2 = Pd2+ + 2Cl-
K(-) A(+)
Pd2+ + 2ē = Pd 2Cl - - 2ē = Cl2
H2O H2O
Pd, Cl2.