:
11.1 :
= - 0,44, = - 0,76.
< , , .
) (H2O+O2).
:
(-) Zn H2O + O2 Fe (+) K
:
A(-) Zn 2ē = Zn2+ 2
(+) 2H2O + O2 + 4ē = 4OH- 1
2Zn + 2H2O + O2 = 2Zn(OH)2 .
) (H2SO4)
:
(-) Zn │ H2SO4 │ Fe (+) K
(-) Zn │ H+ │ Fe (+) K
:
A(-) Zn 2ē = Zn2+ 1
(+) 2H+ + 2ē = H2 1
Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2 - - ;
Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2 .
) (HCl+O2).
:
(-) Zn │ HCl + O2 │ Fe (+) K
(-) Zn │ H+ + O2 │ Fe (+) K
:
A (-) Zn 2ē = Zn2+ 2
(+) 4H+ + O2 + 4ē = 2H2O 1
2Zn + 4H+ + O2 = 2Zn2+ + 2H2O -
2Zn + 4HCl + O2 = 2ZnCl2 + 2H2O .
.
1. (), , 1 , , 1·10-3 (III). , .
| : - . 11.1 - : |
= - 0,76 , = - 0,74.
:
ZnCl2 = Zn2+ + 2l-.
= ∙α∙ = 1∙1∙1 = 1 /,
α = 1 (ZnCl2 ), = 1, = -0,76.
(III) :
CrCl3 = Cr3+ + 3l-
= ∙α∙ = 10-3∙1∙1 = 10-3 /,
α = 1 (CrCl3 ), = 1, , :
= + = -0,74 + lg10-3= -0,80
< , , .
|
|
:
(-) Cr │ CrCl3 ││ ZnCl2 │ Zn (+) K
(-) Cr │ Cr3+ ││ Zn2+ │ Zn (+) K
:
A(-)Cr 3ē = Cr3+ 2
(+)Zn2+ + 2ē = Zn 3
2Cr + 3Zn2+ = 2Cr3+ + 3Zn - -
2Cr + 3ZnCl2 = 2CrCl3 + 3Zn - .
:
= - = -0,76-(-0,80)= 0,04
: ε = 0,04.
2. , Fe + Ni2+ = Fe2+ + Ni. . ∆fG0(298, Men+) 298.
= - 64,4 /;
= - 84,94 /.
: = -64,4 / = -84,94 / = 298 ε0 -? -? | : , , : |
A(-)Fe 2ē = Fe2+ 1 -
(+)Ni2+ + 2ē = Ni 1 -
, . , . , .
:
(-) Fe │ Fe2+ ║ Ni2+ │ Ni(+)K
:
= - z∙F∙ε0,
= - =
= -84,94-(-64,4) = -20,54 ,
ε0 =
z = 2, F = 96500 /.
(c).
= - 2,303∙R∙T∙lgKc;
lgK =
K = 103,6 = 3981
: ε0 = 0,106, K = 3981.
3. , 20 2 HCl. .
) , 40 0,5 3 (..).
) , 120 3,7∙10-3 . 7,9 /3.
:
11.1 :
= - 0,44, = - 0,26.
< , , .
:
(-) Fe │ HCl │ Ni (+) K
(-) Fe │ H+ │ Ni (+) K
C :
A Fe 2ē = Fe2+
2+ + 2ē = 2
Fe + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H2 - .
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2 .
)
| KV : KV = , 3/2∙. KV : S [2], τ - [], V() [3]. |
, .
|
|
, V() = .
, KV = = 375 3/2∙.
10-4 , 2 2.
Km :
Km = , /2∙.
.
:
() = (Fe) = =28 /,
= 11200 3/.
Km = = 0,94 /2∙.
: KV = 375 3/2∙, Km = 0,94 /2∙.
)
| Km : Km = , /2∙. . . |
Km : - []; S [2], τ - [].
: Km = = = 0,925 /2∙.
:
= = /.
: Km = 0,925 /2∙, = 1,03 /.
11.1.
- - - | |||
-3,02 -2,99 -2,93 -2,92 -2,90 -2,89 -2,87 -2,71 -2,34 -1,67 | Li+, Rb+, Cs+ K+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ | I | -, - (). : 22 + 2ē = 2- + 2 |
-1,05 -0,76 -0,74 -0,44 -0,40 -0,28 -0,26 -0,14 -0,13 | Mn2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Sn2+, Pb2+ | II | : n+ + nē = Me 22 + 2ē = 2- + 2 |
0,00 | + | 2+ + 2ē = 2 | |
+0,20 +0,23 +0,34 +0,80 +0,83 +0,85 +1,20 | Sb3+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Ag+, Pd2+, Hg2+, Pt2+ | III | n+ + nē = Me |
11.2. .
. | |
1. | (Cl-, Br-, J-, S2-, .) : 2Cl- -2ē = Cl2 |
2. | - 4- -4ē = 2 + 22 |
(, , , .), , (). c . 2H2O - 4 = 2+4H+ |
. II III ( ), e0 nē = Men+
1. ( ): ) (II), ) .
?
| ) CuCl2 = Cu2+ + 2Cl-, 11.1 11.2: K(-) A(+) Cu2+ + 2ē = Cu 2Cl-- 2ē = Cl2 H2O H2O |
Cu, Cl2.
) Na = Na+ + -
K(-) A(+)
Na+ 4 - 4ē = 2 + 2H2
2H2O+2ē = H2+2OH-
2, 2.
2. (II), : ) , ) . ?
| ) NiSO4 = Ni2+ + 11.1. 11.2: |
|
|
K(-) A(+)
Ni2+ + 2ē = Ni
2H2O+2ē=H2+2OH- 2H2O-4ē=2+4H+
Ni H2, 2.
) :
NiSO4 = Ni2+ +
K(-) A(+) (Ni)
Ni2+ + 2ē = Ni , 2
2H2O+2ē = H2+2OH- Ni - 2ē = Ni2+
Ni H2, Ni.
3. ) , ) 560 (..). . ? .
|
) Ca(NO3)2 = Ca2+ + 2 : K(-) A(+) Ca2+ 2H2O+2ē=H2+2OH- 2H2O - 4ē = 2+4H+ 2, 2 : n (1)() = n (2)() |
:
n (2)() = n (2)() ,
= = = 1120 3,
= 11200 3/
= 5600 3/.
1120 3 .
: 1120 3 .
) AgNO3 = Ag+ +
:
K(-) A(+)
Ag+ + ē = Ag
H2O 2H2O-4ē=2+4H+
Ag, 2.
: n(Ag)() = n(2)() , = = 10,8 .
10,8 .
: 10,8 .
( ). , 2. 298, 99 .
: : K2SO4 τ = 4 = 298 I = 2 A = 99 1. -? 2. () -? 3. () -? | K2SO4 = 2K+ + : K(-) A(+) () K+ 2H2O + 2ē = 2H2O - 4ē = = H2 + 2OH- = 2 + 4H+ H2, 2 , (..): |
= = 3,34 .
= 11,2 /.
F = 96500 /, τ c,
F = 26,8 ∙/, τ .
= = 1,67 ,
= 5,6 /, .. = 2
:
,
: = = 3,73
:
= 1/2 = 1,865 .
: 3,73 , 1,865 .
2. , 100 2, (II). , . 8 98%, 0,15 . 8,9 /3.
: : CuCl2 S = 100 2 h = 0,15 I = 8 A BT = 98 % ρCu = 8,9 /3 -? , τ -? | CuCl2 = Cu2+ + 2Cl- : K(-) A(+) (Cu) Cu2+ + 2ē = Cu Cl- H2O H2O Cu 2ē = Cu2+ Cu, Cu. = ; mCu() = mCu() |
() , :
mCu() = .
, :
|
|
mCu() = S∙h∙ρ (), S 2, h , ρ /3.
S∙h∙ρCu = ,
τ = 1,43 ,
M(Cu) = = 32 /
F = 26,8 ∙/,
10-1 .
: 1,43 .
3. , 75 3 4 25 . . . 100%.
: : AgNO3 I = 4 A = 75 3 τ = 25 -? -? | AgNO3 = Ag+ + : K(-) A(+) Ag+ + ē= Ag H2O 2H2O - 4ē = 2 + 4H+ Ag, 2. |
AgNO3:
=
: n(AgNO3) = n(Ag),
n(Ag) = ,
mAg , 100 % .
mAg = ,
= = n(Ag) = n(AgNO3)
AgNO3:
= = 0,83 /.
τ c, F 96500 /, V- .
60 . .
10-3 3 .
: = 0,83 /.