He said to her, Shall I fetch you a glass of water? He offered to fetch her a glass of water.
Ex.3. Turn the following into Reported speech:
"Turn off the TV, Tom," his mother said.
"Please, please help me," the woman said to Peter.
"Don't talk to strangers," her father said to her.
"Take off your shoes," Mother said to us.
"Pick up your books," Sandra said to her son.
The following modals change as follows Reported speech:
| may | might(possibility)/could (permission) |
| must | had to (obligation) |
| must | must (deduction/possibility) |
| needn't | didn't need to/didn't have (present reference); would have to (future reference) |
| can | could (present reference); would be able to (future reference) |
| mustn't | mustn't |
| should | should |
Ex. 4. Turn the following sentences into Reported speech without using any special introductory verbs:
1 "You mustn't miss the staff meeting," the dire said.
2 "You should brush your teeth after every me; Kevin," the dentist said.
3 "The letter may arrive tomorrow morning, Uncle Martin said.
4 "You needn't water the plants now, Jane," said Susan.
5 "They must have known about the meeting," Robert said.
Ex.5. Report the following sentences using the introductory verbs below:
threaten, suggest, deny, offer, refuse, agree, advise, apologise
1 "No, I won't come to France with you, Jenny!" said Roy.
2 "You ought to see a doctor about your eyes," Sid said to his mother.
3 "If you miss training again, I'll drop you from the team!" said the coach to Bob.
4 "Sorry for not phoning to confirm your flight, Mr Jones," said the secretary.
5 "Shall we take a long walk along the riverside?" said Mary.
6 "It wasn't me who spilt coffee on the tablecloth," said Greg.
7 "I'll carry the bag for you," said Beth.
8 "Yes, that painting is lovely," said Erica.
Ex.6. Change the following dialogues into Reported speech using suitable introductory verbs and the expressions below:
and, adding that, because, explaining that, he/she went on to say that
a "I'll be going to the post office, Mary," James said. "Do you need anything?"
"Yes, could you please post a letter for me? I've been meaning to do so myself but I never seem to have the time," Mary replied.
b "Are you OK, Grandma?" Denise asked.
"Oh dear, I feel very dizzy. I forgot to take my medication this morning, darling. What am I going to do?" Grandma said.
"It's alright, don't worry. Just lie on the bed and rest for a while, I'll go and get it for you at once," Denise said.
Ex. 7. Transform the narrative sentences in direct speech into indirect:
MODEL: He said: "I have never been here before". He said he had never been there before.
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1. Roger remarked, "The waiter is in no hurry to serve us". 2. Mary said, "My mother plays the piano very well". Mum said, " I have already calculated all the expense". Bob said, "You should read the instruction first". 5. Liz said, "I don't like to sweep the floor". 6. Alan said, "I'm going to take a shower". 7. My colleague said, "The boss wants to see you immediately". 8. The actress said, "I won't speak to
the reporters". 9. She said, "I can't ride a horse". 10. Bess said, "I haven't sent the fax yet". 11. Granny said, "You must take several sandwiches with you". 12. Mr. Jones said, "My son never begs for money". 13. The teacher said, "You needn't do this exercise in writing". 14. Jerry said, "I'm finishing my composition now". 15. Joan said, "I looked through some fashion magazines yesterday". 16. The traveler said, "You should visit South America". 17. Our relatives said, "We enjoyed the play immensely" 18. Mary said, "I used to take dancing lessons at the club". 19. He said, "I have always been fond of fishing". 20. My aunt said, "Polly was quite ill yesterday". 21.1 told the nurse, "The doctor examined me a few minutes ago". 22. Pete said, "I seldom dine out". 23. John said, "I will be very busy tomorrow". 24. Sheila said, "I took the children to the Zoo yesterday". 25. The speaker said, "The economic situation is gradually improving".
. 8. Transform the interrogative sentences in direct speech into indirect:
MODEL: He asked, "What are you going to do in summer?" He asked what I was going to do in summer.
I. The chairman asked, "How long do you intend to speak?" 2. The girl asked, "Where did you buy this wonderful doll?" 3. The friend asked, "How did you manage to make so much money in such a short time?" 4. He asked, "Why are you so anxious about his departure?" 5. My brother asked, "What else can you see through the window?" 6. Margaret asked, "Who knows what it means?" 7. The student asked the scientist, "How long have you been watching these birds?" 8. The policeman asked, "When did your driving licence expire?" 9. Mary asked Nancy, "Why are you wearing this funny dress today?" 10. The hostess asked, "Why won't you taste this meat pie?" 11. Jerry asked, "How much did Harry pay for his new car?" 12. Ann asked, "Where can I get any information on this subject?" 13. The customer asked, "Why is this computer twice as expensive as that one?" 14. Mrs. Fox asked, "How did you like his latest novel?" 15. One of the guests asked, "Where were these photos taken?" 16. She asked, "Why did he change so much? Has he been working too much lately?" 17. Mother asked her daughter, "Where did you learn it all from?" 18. Father asked angrily, "How could you fail your finals?" 19. Susan scolded her little sister, "Why didn't you take the dog out?" 20. He asked, "When are you going to see your family in the country?" 21. Lucy asked, "Where is he again? Has he gone on business again?" 22. My roommate asked, "Why have you been sitting over your textbook for so long?" 23. She asked, "Where were you yesterday? I kept calling you the whole day, but nobody answered". 24. He asked, "Why is Sam still working day and night? Hasn't he passed his exams yet?" 25. My aunt asked, "How did you spend your last weekend?"
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Ex. 9. Translate the following:
1. , 쳺 . 2. , , 䳺 . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , 쳺, . 6. ij , . 7. , 쳺 . 8. ³ , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , 3- 4- . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , , . 15. , . 16. ³ , , , . 17. , . 18. , . 19. ̳ , , . 20. ˳ , . 21. , . 22. , .
Indirect exclamations
She said, How pleasant!Jane is going to arrive She cried joyfully that Jane was going to arrive.
She said, Im so sorry!Jane is leaving us! She said with deep sadness that Jane was leaving them.
COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: Retell the story a friend of yours has recently told you about his/her blind date (visiting the USA, visit to the cinema, argument with a friend, etc.)
ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 5-6, 9 pp.211-212 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.
TOPIC 16. MODAL VERBS
Intention and refusal
We use will and would (past or conditional) to express willingness or intention to do something. The precise meaning varies according to the context:
I really will be good, I promise. (= promise) I'll leave if you say that again. (= threat) I will get there in time if it's the last thing I do. (~ determination)
I won't be staying long. (= intention or promise not to) 'Lend me five pounds.' 'No, I won't' (= refusal)
My father wouldn't help me out financially. (= past refusal) I'd give you a hand with the washing-up if I wasn't rushed off my feet. (= conditional willingness)
We occasionally use shall and shan't with I and we: I told you I'd succeed and I shall! (= strong intention)
We use won't and wouldn't to talk about machines 'refusing' to work properly: This program won't work with your computer.
My car wouldn't go this morning -1 think it's the battery.
Orders and requests
We can use will and would to offer to do something:
I'll do that for you - it's no problem. (= offer)
Markus said he would help me. (= past offer)
We also use other modals to make offers:
Can I help?
Would you like a hand with your luggage?
Shall I carry that for you?
May I be of any assistance? (= formal)
We can also ask if someone else is willing to do something by making requests:
You wouldn't mind giving me a hand, would you?
( tentative) Would you mind giving me a hand?
You couldn't give me a hand, could you? Do you think you could give me a hand? Can you give me a hand? Give me a hand, would you? (= more direct)
Note that we don't use May you... or Shall you... to make requests.
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We can ask very politely or formally using:
Would you be so kind as to hold this for me?
Would you be kind enough to hold this for me?
We can also use be willing to, especially if there's the possibility that the intention won't be carried out:
I'm willing to help, but I don't have time.
We use may, might, and would with be willing to, be prepared to, etc. to make very tentative offers:
I might be willing to make a few contacts for you, at a price.
We can use would and might with be willing to, etc. to make requests:
Would/ Might you be willing to do the job if I offered you another ten per cent?
Frequency
We use will to talk about habits and typical behaviour in the present:
They'll spend hours on the phone to each other every night. (= they often do)
We use would to talk about past habits and typical behaviour in the past;
Every morning I would get up at tke crack of dawn and take the dogs for a walk.
When stressed, will and would express the speaker's annoyance at the habits:
She will play her music loudly when I'm trying to work. They would keep talking when I just wanted to go home.
Used to is similar to would. But, we only use used to, not would, to talk about states:
I would be much slimmer when I was younger.
I used to be much slimmer when I was younger.
Note that words such as never, always, etc. are commonly used in different positions with would and used to:
My dad would always / always used to read me a story before I went to bed.
Ex.1. Match the direct speech (1-6) with the report (a-f):
Example: 0 Ill give you a lift. g She offered to... You write: 0 g
| a He begged me to... b They warned me not to... c She just asked me to... |
(0 I'll give you a lift.)
1 I'll write to you every day.
2 No, I won't pay and that's that.
3 I'll report you to the authorities!
d She promised to...
4 You'll be sorry if you touch that, e He threatened to...
f She refused to...
| g She offered to... |
5 Could you take the other end of this for me?
6 Couldn't you possibly for once
turn a blind eye, please?
Ex.2. In each item below one or two options may be possible to complete the sentence. Underline those that are possible:
Example: I may I might I will be willing to spare you half an hour this afternoon.
1 Might I Can I Would you mind lifting your feet for a moment while I
hoover?
2 May I Could I Would you be so kind as to give me some advice?
3 Shall I Will I Can I carry that rather heavy-looking case for you?
4 Will I Could I Can you possibly come back a little later?
5 May I Would I Might you be willing to refund the money we have already paid you?
6 Do you think you will I may I could stand a little further away?
Ex.3. Fill each of the blanks with the appropriate animal from the list. Write which use of will or would the sentences illustrate:
Example: Eels will often swim thousands of miles in the course of a year. Typical behaviour
(eels) pigeons bees whales rhinoceroses cats
1........ Poachers will do almost anything
to get hold of the horn of
white.........
2 will usually lick their kittens almost non-stop in the early days of their lives.
3 Hundreds of years ago, passenger would blacken the skies of North America.
4 will occasionally be found beached on a shore, having lost the rest of the school.
5........................ There's a theory that will never sting you unless provoked.
