" ↔ " ,
AmBn [+]m - [B-]n. :
1. . , , :[+]m[B-]n< (AmBn).
2. . ,
,
: [+]m[B-]n>(AmBn).
1. . 3 0,02 ? ((3) = 1,0∙10-3)
: CaCI2 Na2CO3 2 , 2 . ,
[CaCI2]= [Ca+2] = 0,02∙0,5=1∙10-2 ∙-1.
[Na2CO3] = [C32-] = 0,2∙0,5 = 1∙10-2 ∙-1.
[Ca+2]∙[C32-]= 1∙10-2 ∙1∙10-2 = 1∙10-4. , 1,0∙10-3< 1∙10-4.
2. .
BaF2 18º 1,7∙106. Ba+2 F- BaF2 .
: BaF2 BaF2 Ba+2 + 2F-. BaF2 F-1 2 , Ba+2. , [F-1] = 2[+2]. (BaF2)=[+2]∙[F+]. +2,
(BaF2) = [+2] ∙ 2∙ [+2]2 = 4[+2]3= 1,7∙10-6
[+2] : [+2]= √1,7∙10-6 / 4 = 0,75∙10-2 ∙-1;
F-1 : [F-1]=0,75∙10-2∙2=1,5∙10-2 ∙-1;
3. .
Ag3PO4 20º 0,0065 ∙-1. .
. Ag3PO4 ∙-1 :
=6,5∙10-3/418,58 = 1,6∙10-5 ∙-1.
1 Ag3PO4 3 Ag+. 1 PO43-, PO43- Ag3PO4, Ag+ 3 , ..
[PO43-] =1,6∙10-5∙-1. [Ag+]= 3∙1,6∙10-5.
Ag3PO4 :
=[Ag+]3 + [PO43-]= (4,8∙10-5)3∙1,6∙10-5= 110,6 ∙10-15∙1,6∙10-3= 1,77∙10-18.
4. .
Zn+2Cd+2 Na2CO3 ? (ZnCO)= 6∙10-11
|
|
. -
[32- ],
[Zn+2]=(ZnCO) / (32-), [Cd+2] = (Cd)/[32- ].
[Zn+2]/[Cd+2] = (ZnCO)/ (Cd)=6∙10-11/2,5∙10-14=2,4∙103=2400
, [Zn+2] >[Cd+2] 2400 . [Zn+2] /[Cd+2] > 2400, ZnCO3, , [Zn+2] /[Cd+2] 2400. . 2400, . , [Zn+2] /[Cd+2] , ZnCO Cd .
5.
.
24
1,62∙10-1. 24 .
.
24 : 24= +2 + (242-).
24= [+2] ∙ [242-]
, , ..
[24] = [+2] = [242-] = √1,62∙10-7 = 0,4∙10-3--1,
.. t =20 0,4∙10-3--1.
.
, ,
. .
.
; .
, ,
, 3
(3)2 → 3↓ + 2↑ + 2
, , . , , .
,
1 , . 20,04 / [2+] 12,16 / [Mg2+]. . ( - 5,9; - 3,5 /), - ( 0,5; - 0,5 /). - - - 4,2, 4,1 /.
.
:
- 2+ Mg2+
(Na2CO3);
- (
).
1. , , 500 -
202,5 ()2.
|
|
. 1 202,5: 500 = 0,405 ()2,
0,405: 81 = 0,005 5 /.
81 / - ()2. , 5 .
2. CaSO4 1 3 ,
, , 4 ?
: CaSO4=136,14 /;
136,14/2=63,07 /. 1 3 4 4∙1000=4000 , 4000∙68,07= 272280 = 272,280 CaSO4.
3. 500 ,
, 5 ?
. 500 530 ∙ 5 = 2500 , .
2500 ∙ 53 = 132 500 = 132,5 (53 / - Na2CO3).
4. , , 100 3 , ,
6,25 3 0,08 . 1.
. . 1 , .. , , .
6,25/100=/0,08, = 0,005.
, 1 0,005∙1000 = 5 5 2+ . 5 . , =m/V, m- , , ; - ; V - , .
1. =m/V=202500/81∙500=5 . 81 - Ca(HCO3)2, .
2. =m/V, m = 4∙68,07∙1000=272280 = =272,280 . CaSO4.