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" ↔ " ,
AmBn [+]m - [B-]n. :

1. . , , :[+]m[B-]n< (AmBn).

2. . ,
,
: [+]m[B-]n>(AmBn).

1. . 3 0,02 ? ((3) = 1,0∙10-3)

: CaCI2 Na2CO3 2 , 2 . ,

[CaCI2]= [Ca+2] = 0,02∙0,5=1∙10-2 -1.

[Na2CO3] = [C32-] = 0,2∙0,5 = 1∙10-2 -1.

[Ca+2]∙[C32-]= 1∙10-2 ∙1∙10-2 = 1∙10-4. , 1,0∙10-3< 1∙10-4.

2. .

BaF2 18º 1,7∙106. Ba+2 F- BaF2 .

: BaF2 BaF2 Ba+2 + 2F-. BaF2 F-1 2 , Ba+2. , [F-1] = 2[+2]. (BaF2)=[+2]∙[F+]. +2,

(BaF2) = [+2] ∙ 2∙ [+2]2 = 4[+2]3= 1,7∙10-6

[+2] : [+2]= √1,7∙10-6 / 4 = 0,75∙10-2 -1;

F-1 : [F-1]=0,75∙10-2∙2=1,5∙10-2 -1;

3. .

Ag3PO4 20º 0,0065 ∙-1. .

. Ag3PO4-1 :

=6,5∙10-3/418,58 = 1,6∙10-5 -1.

1 Ag3PO4 3 Ag+. 1 PO43-, PO43- Ag3PO4, Ag+ 3 , ..

[PO43-] =1,6∙10-5-1. [Ag+]= 3∙1,6∙10-5.

Ag3PO4 :

=[Ag+]3 + [PO43-]= (4,8∙10-5)3∙1,6∙10-5= 110,6 ∙10-15∙1,6∙10-3= 1,77∙10-18.

4. .

Zn+2Cd+2 Na2CO3 ? (ZnCO)= 6∙10-11

. -
[32- ],

[Zn+2]=(ZnCO) / (32-), [Cd+2] = (Cd)/[32- ].

[Zn+2]/[Cd+2] = (ZnCO)/ (Cd)=6∙10-11/2,5∙10-14=2,4∙103=2400

, [Zn+2] >[Cd+2] 2400 . [Zn+2] /[Cd+2] > 2400, ZnCO3, , [Zn+2] /[Cd+2] 2400. . 2400, . , [Zn+2] /[Cd+2] , ZnCO Cd .

5.
.

24
1,62∙10-1. 24 .

.
24 : 24= +2 + (242-).

24= [+2] ∙ [242-]

, , ..

[24] = [+2] = [242-] = √1,62∙10-7 = 0,4∙10-3--1,

.. t =20 0,4∙10-3--1.

.
, ,
. .
.


; .

, ,
, 3

(3)23↓ + 2↑ + 2

, , . , , .

,
1 , . 20,04 / [2+] 12,16 / [Mg2+]. . ( - 5,9; - 3,5 /), - ( 0,5; - 0,5 /). - - - 4,2, 4,1 /.

.
:

- 2+ Mg2+
(Na2CO3);

- (
).

1. , , 500 -
202,5 ()2.

. 1 202,5: 500 = 0,405 ()2,
0,405: 81 = 0,005 5 /.

81 / - ()2. , 5 .

2. CaSO4 1 3 ,
, , 4 ?

: CaSO4=136,14 /;
136,14/2=63,07 /. 1 3 4 4∙1000=4000 , 4000∙68,07= 272280 = 272,280 CaSO4.

3. 500 ,
, 5 ?

. 500 530 ∙ 5 = 2500 , .
2500 ∙ 53 = 132 500 = 132,5 (53 / - Na2CO3).

4. , , 100 3 , ,
6,25 3 0,08 . 1.

. . 1 , .. , , .

6,25/100=/0,08, = 0,005.

, 1 0,005∙1000 = 5 5 2+ . 5 . , =m/V, m- , , ; - ; V - , .

1. =m/V=202500/81∙500=5 . 81 - Ca(HCO3)2, .

2. =m/V, m = 4∙68,07∙1000=272280 = =272,280 . CaSO4.





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