( = 1 /, =25 º)
α, % | α, % | α, % | |||
HNO | 82,0 | 34 | 29,0 | N | 0,01 |
HCl | 78,4 | 2S4 | 20,0 | N4 | 1,4 |
H2SO2 | 58,0 | HF | 8,0 | 2S | 0,07 |
77,0 | CH2COOH | 1,36 | |||
Na | 73,0 | 23 | 0,17 |
, α ni, .
=∙αni. , 2SO4 0,5 / α=50% [+]=0,5∙0,5∙2 /.
, HgCl2 Fe(CHS)3 .
.
, , 3 :
3 + +3‾, .. .
. :
. , . ,
3 = 1,82∙10-5, N= 7,2∙10‾ ¹º, N<3, .. N .
,
N4 N4+ + ‾;
= 1,76∙10-5, .. N4 .
, :
34 ++24 I=7,6∙10-3
24 ++4 2=6,2∙10-8
4 ++4‾ 3=4,4∙10-13 I>2>3.
, , 3.
, :
p = -lg, =-lg.
304: 1=2,12; 2= 7,21; 3= 12,26.
. .
,
( ):
R++ ֿ ROH H+ROֿ.
(0)2, , :
²++ 2OHֿ (O)2 H2BeO2 2H+Be22-;
:
>, ()2 .
1(0)3 = 8 ∙10-25, = 4∙10-13, , 1(O)3 .
, , Ga(OH)3, =2∙10-12.
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, ,
, α.