. , .
. ( ), ( ). , (, ) . VIIIA‑ ( ), Kr, Rn ( , Ne, Ar ).
. 6.
() , .
, ( ). :
. :
( ). :
. , ( ):
Cu, Ag Ni , CuO, Ag2O, NiO Cu(OH)2, Ni(OH)2 .
( ). : F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, , , Si.
.
, () ( ). : Be, Cr, Zn, l, Sn, Pb.
. .
, VIIIA‑: , Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn. He, Ne Ar ( ), Kr, Rn .
. :
|
|
|
, (‑II). :
He, Ne Ar . , , O+IIF2‑I H2+IO2‑I. , S+IVCl2‑IO‑II.
ó ( ) , .
Li, Mg, Ca Sr Li2O, MgO, SrO ; Na2O, 2O, Rb2O, Cs2O .
CuO, Ag2O NiO .
( ) , .
S, Se, , As, Si SO2, SeO2, 2O5, As2O3, O2 SiO2 ; Cl2O, Cl2O7, I2O5, SO3, SeO3, N2O3, N2O5 As2O5 .
: NO2 ClO2 , , NO2 ClO2 , , ClO2 , :
) 2NO2 + 2NaOH = NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
) 2ClO2 + 2O (.) = ClO2 + ClO3
2ClO2 + 2NaOH (.) = NaClO2 + NaClO3 + H2O
CrO3 Mn2O7 ( ) .
( ) , .
( Ga) BeO, Cr2O3, ZnO, Al2O3, GeO2, SnO2 ; Ga2O3, SnO O2 .
, (, ) , . :
(FeIIFe2III)O4, (b2IIPbIV)O4, (MgAl2)O4, (CaTi)O3.
, ; .
, ( , ), : , NO, N2O, SiO, S2O.
( ) ‑II, O‑II. ( +I +VIII). 1 6. :
ó () .
:
2O + 2O = 2 ( = Li, Na, , Rb, Cs)
+ 2O = ()2 ( = , Sr, )
: Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 .
( ) :
2LiOH = Li2O + 2O
()2 = + 2O ( = Mg, , Sr, , Cu, Ni)
|
|
|
, .
(NaOH, , ()2, ()2 .) , .
() . :
+ (, 3O+) , :
( ):
Cl2O + H2O = 2HClO
2O3 + 2O = 2O2 ( = N, As)
As2O3 + 3H2O = 2H3AsO3
EO2 + H2O = H2EO3 ( = , Se)
E2O5 + H2O = 2HEO3 ( = N, , I)
E2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3EO4 (E = P, As)
EO3 + H2O = H2EO4 (E = S, Se, Cr)
E2O7 + H2O = 2HEO4 (E = Cl, Mn)
: SO2 SO2 n 2O ( H2SO3 , HSO3‑ SO32‑ ).
:
2HAsO2 = As2O3 + H2O
H2EO3 = EO2 + H2O (E = C, Si, Ge, Se)
2HIO3 = I2O5 + H2O
2H3AsO4 = As2O5 + H2O
H2SeO4 = SeO3 + H2O
( ) , . H2SO4 3O4 , , ( HNO3 ; , Mg, , ):
+ H2SO4(pas.) = MSO4 + 2↑ ( = Be, Mg, Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni)
2M + 3H2SO4(pa.) = M2(SO4)3 + 3H2↑ (M = Al, Ga)
3M + 23O4(.) = M3(PO4)2↓ + 3H2↑ (M = Mg, Fe, Zn)
.
. :
Be(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Al(OH)3 AlO(OH)
Zn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Cr(OH)3 CrO(OH)
He , :
: (III) FeO(OH), (III) Fe(OH)3 ( ).
; , , .
, , : , (/ ).
, ( ) () ( ) . , , , . :
32‑, NO3‑, 43‑, SO42‑ .; : 2O3, Mg(NO3)2, Cr2(SO4)3, Zn3(PO4)2.
, . , 2O3 , :
2 12O3, 12O 12O3, 2 1O2.
:
1)
+ → +
1) + →
|
|
|
2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 22O
Cu(OH)2 + 2HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O
1) + →
2Al()3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 62O
Zn(OH)2 + 2HNO3 = Zn(NO3)2 + 22O
1) + →
NaOH + Al()3 = NaAlO2 + 22O ( )
2NaOH + Zn(OH)2 = Na2ZnO2 + 22O ( )
2)
+ = +
2) + →
Na2O + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2O
CuO + 2HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
2) + →
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
ZnO + 2HNO3 = Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
2) + →
Na2O + 2Al()3 = 2NaAlO2 + 2O ( )
Na2O + Zn(OH)2 = Na2ZnO2 + 2O ( )
3)
+ → +
) + →
2NaOH + SO3 = Na2SO4 + 2O
()2 + O2 = O3 + 2O
3) + →
2Al()3 + 3SO3 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Zn(OH)2 + N2O5 = Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
) + →
2NaOH + Al2O3 = 2NaAlO2 + 2O ( )
2NaOH + ZnO = Na2ZnO2 + 2O ( )
4)
+ →
4) + →
Na2O + SO3 = Na2SO4, BaO + O2 = O3
4) + →
Al2O3 + 3SO3 = Al2(SO4)3, ZnO + N2O5 = Zn(NO3)2
4) + →
Na2O + Al2O3 = 2NaAlO2, Na2O + ZnO = Na2ZnO2
1, , :
NaOH (.) + Al(O)3 = Na[Al(OH)4]
(.) + Cr(OH)3 = 3[Cr()6]
2NaOH (.) + M(OH)2 = Na2[M(OH)4] ( = Be, Zn)
(.) + M(OH)2 = K[M(OH)3] ( = Sn, Pb)
( ).
( ) HCO3‑, 2O42‑, HPO42‑ ., , ; :
NaOH + H2SO4 (.) = NaHSO4 + H2O
()2 + 23O4 (.) = (2O4)2 + 22O
Zn(OH)2 + 3O4 (.) = ZnHPO4↓ + 22O
PbSO4 + H2SO4 (.) = Pb(HSO4)2
K2HPO4 + 3O4 (.) = 22O4
()2 + 2O2 = (O3)2 ( = , S)
Na2EO3 + O2 + H2O = 2NaHEO3 ( = , S)
:
NaHSO4 + NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2O
Pb(HSO4)2 + Pb(OH)2 = 2PbSO4↓ + 2H2O
, (O3 = + + HCO3‑).
ó , , FeNO3(OH), Ca2SO4(OH)2, Cu2CO3(OH)2, , :
()2 + HNO3 = CoNO3(OH)↓ + 2O
2Ni(OH)2 + H2SO4 = Ni2SO4(OH)2↓ + 2H2O
2Cu(OH)2 + H2CO3 = Cu2CO3(OH)2↓ + 2H2O
, , :
CoNO3(OH) + HNO3 = Co(NO3)2 + 2O
Ni2SO4(OH)2 + H2SO4 = 2NiSO4 + 2H2O
; , :
2MgCl2 + 2O + 2Na2CO3 = Mg2CO3(OH)2↓ + O2↑ + 4NaCl
|
|
|
; : CaMg(CO3)2, KAl(SO4)2, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2, LiAl(SiO3)2. ( ) :
K2SO4 + MgSO4 + 62O = K2Mg(SO4)2 62O↓
.
, , ( ).
; .
:
) : OF2, HF, KBr, PbI2, NH4Cl, BrF3, IF7
) : H2S, Na2S, ZnS, As2S3, NH4HS, K2Se, NiSe
) : NH3, NH3 H2O, Li3N, Mg3N2, AlN, Si3N4
) : CH4, Be2C, Al4C3, Na2C2, CaC2, Fe3C, SiC
) : Li4Si, Mg2Si, ThSi2
) : LiH, CaH2, AlH3, SiH4
) . H2O2, Na2O2, O2
) : HO2, O2, (O2)2
:
: OF2, IF7, H2S, P2S5, NH3, H2O2
: Nal, K2Se, Mg3N2, CaC2, Na2O2, KO2
( ) ( ) , : KMgCl3, (FeCu)S2 Pb(Cl)F, Bi(Cl)O, SCl2O2, As(O)F3.
( ) ( ), :
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 K4[Fe(CN)6] Na3[AlF6]
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl K3[Fe(NCS)6] K2[SiF6]
, [Fe(CO)5] [()4].
( ).
( ) + ( , ). HF, Cl, HBr, HI, HCN H2S, HF, HCN H2S , .
:
2HBr + ZnO = ZnBr2 + 2O
2H2S + ()2 = Ba(HS)2 + 22O
2HI + Pb(OH)2 = Pbl2↓ + 22O
, , Cl, r HI ( ) ( ):
+ 2 = 2 + 2↑ ( = Be, Mg, Zn, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)
2M + 6 = 23 + H2↑ (M = Al, Ga)
( NH4+) () ; : AgF, NaCl, KBr, PbI2, Na2S, Ba(HS)2, NaCN, NH4Cl. .
F2, Cl2, Br2 I2 ( 2) S ( ):
2 + 2 = 2 ( = Li, Na, , Rb, Cs, Ag)
M + 2 = 2 ( = Be, Mg, , Sr, , Zn, Mn, )
2 + 2 = 23 ( = Al, Ga, Cr)
2 + S = M2S ( = Li, Na, , Rb, Cs, Ag)
M + S = MS (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)
2M + 3S = M2S3 (M = Al, Ga, Cr)
:
) Cu Ni Cl2 Br2 ( Cl2, Br2)
) Cr Mn Cl2, Br2 I2 ( CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3 MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2)
) Fe F2 Cl2 ( FeF3, FeCl3), Br2 ( FeBr3 FeBr2), I2 ( FeI2)
) Cu S Cu2S CuS
, .
, ( ):
) :
S + 3F2 = SF6, N2 + 3F2 = 2NF3
2P + 52 = 25 ( = F, CI, Br)
+ 2F2 = CF4
Si + 22 = Sir4 ( = F, CI, Br, I)
) :
2As + 3S = As2S3
2E + 5S = E2S5 (E = P, As)
E + 2S = ES2 (E = C, Si)
) :
3H2 + N2 
2NH3
6M + N2 = 2M3N (M = Li, Na, K)
3M + N2 = M3N2 (M = Be, Mg, Ca)
2Al + N2 = 2AlN
3Si + 2N2 = Si3N4
) :
2M + 2C = M2C2 (M = Li, Na)
|
|
|
2Be + = Be2C
M + 2C = MC2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba)
4Al + 3C = Al4C3
Si + = SiC
) :
4Li + Si = Li4Si
2M + Si = M2Si (M = Mg, Ca)
) :
2M + H2 = 2MH (M = Li, Na, K)
M + H2 = MH2 (M = Mg, Ca)
) , :
2Na + O2 = Na2O2 ( )
M + O2 = 2 ( = , Rb, Cs; )
( , , ):
Cl5 + 42O = 3O4 + 5Cl
SiBr4 + 22O = SiO2↓ + 4Br
P2S5 + 82O = 23O4 + 5H2S↑
SiS2 + 22O = SiO2↓ + 2H2S
Mg3N2 + 8H2O = 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2(NH3 H2O)
Na3N + 4H2O = 3NaOH + NH3 H2O
Be2C + 4H2O = 2Be(OH)2↓ + CH4↑
MC2 + 2H2O = M(OH)2 + C2H2↑ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba)
Al4C3 + 12H2O = 4Al(OH)3↓ + 3CH4↑
MH + H2O = MOH + H2↑ (M = Li, Na, K)
MgH2 + 2H2O = Mg(OH)2↓ + H2↑
CaH2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2↑
Na2O2 + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2O2
2MO2 + 2H2O = 2MOH + H2O2 + O2↑ (M = K, Rb, Cs)
, , , SF6, NF3, CF4, CS2, AlN, Si3N4, SiC, Li4Si, Mg2Si Ca2Si.
