, . , . (Alderfer & Smith, 1982) .
, ; 12 18 % ( ) . , , - . , , , .
(, Kelly & Kelly, 994), (, Huszczo & Hoyer, 1994) , (, Collins, 1995), . , , . , ; . . (Hammer, 1978) , , .
; , . , , , , ( , ), . , , , .
.
13.1
1979 . , () . , . . . , . . , , . , , . , , . , 25 , .
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: L. N.Jewell & . J. Reitz, Group Effectiveness in Organizations. 1981.
, , , , . ? , . , , , , (Mellor, Mathieu & Swim, 1994), (Fullagar, Gordon, Gallagher & Clark, 1995; Kelloway & Barling, 1993), (Fryxell & Gordon, 1989; Johnson & Johnson, 1992) (Barling, Wade & Fuulagar, 1990).
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, . - , . , , 13.1, , , .
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