Wehaven't got any bananas | |
We don't have bananas. |
, , . , . do BE , . :
Sorry, I don't have any coffee;
Do you have time for a walk?
I haven't a car BE, .
, I have. Do you have? I don't have, *Have you them? "Has he it? , , . Have do - , a had . , Have you the money? , a Had you the money? . got , got have . : I('ve) got a problem. (Have) you got a light? got do (). :
"I(' ve) got a new apartment."- "Oh, do you?"
.
can't, won't , , .
. , must, , may, . , :
1) You must have some of this cake;
2) You should have some of this cake;
3) You may have some of this cake.
1 , 3- . . , You must be very careful " ", a You must be very careless ", , ".
have to have got to must, . .:
. The United States must conserve its resources | |
. We have to (hafto) / have got to (gotta) conserve our resources. |
have to BE must, a don't have to , needn't. , Do you have to do that? Must you do that?, a You don't have to do that You needn't do that.
BE have to have got to must , . .:
-You've got to be kidding (Ir.); | |
BE- You've got to be joking (Mac.). |
have do, have to have got to , have have got . , , , have (got) to, will have to. :
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I' ve got to get up early tomorrow - we're going to Devon ( I'll have to...).
, must, , be to - , , , must, , be to, , . :
"Tell him to go to sleep." - "She says you' re to go to sleep." (L.).
be able to , can. .:
Can you do it? | |
Are you able to do it? |
be able to could, - . .:
I ran fast and was able to catch the bus | |
I ran fast and could catch the bus (: but didn't). |
could : , , (, (the) only, just, almost, always, scarcely, hardly), . :
I could get in, because the door was open;
The door was open, so I could get in.
Ought to should , . .:
. You should tell your parents about this | |
. You ought to (oughtta) tell your folks about this. |
ought to. :
You oughtn't do that.
may . You may go then may, , go " ". may ", , ".
will would, (would ). . , I will help him today I wanted / intended to help him yesterday.
may might ( Try as she might, her poor head just wouldn't let her think what it was she should rightly remember (Me.)) will, would could. :
Look where we would there was no rock or tree (H. Haggard) (" ...").
Would, should, will, . :
This Velma was an entertainer, a singer. You wouldn't know her? I don't suppose you went there much (Cha.).
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would should , will. , should be there by now It is reasonable to assume that he is there by now, will be there by now I am quite certain that he is there by now. , , should will. .:
Let's not go shopping today. The shops will be crowded | |
Let's go early tomorrow when they will / should be fairly empty. |
will Will you come this way, please? - if. :
Mr. Marlowe? If you will come this way, please - (Cha.) (", !").
. :
If you will / would come this way, I'll see if the principal is free.
if . :
"I'll speak to her and tell her to lay off." - "If you would " (.) (" ").
would may. :
Where would he be? (Cha.) (" ?");
"And what would you be doing, my dears?" she said. "What brings you to Gipsy's Acre?" (.) (" ...").
will would, will would . :
You " will keep forgetting things.
would, , (. . " "). :
You " would tell Mary about the party - I didn't want to invite her.
Present Indefinite, , will + , , . , dog usually obeys his master , A dog will usually obey his master , .
Would used to . :
When we were children we used to / would go skating every winter.
Ho . Used to , . Would . .:
Sometimes the boys would play a trick on their teacher (.) | |
used to have an old Rolls Royce (*He would ). |
, , , , used to, would. :
His hair used to be black but it's white now;
"I thought you didn't like Tom." - "I usen't to (like him), but I do now."
. .:
I used to ask him, and he would (always) come | |
I asked him, but he wouldn't come. |
, would / should + like, do not want. .:
I'd like to see Mr. Jones | |
No, I don't want to see Mr. Jones, thank you. |
would not like would dislike, .. " ..." " ...".
I would like to have seen John at the party; I wouldn't like to have waited in that line for the tickets I would have liked to see John at the party; I wouldn't have liked to wait in that line for the tickets.
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dare, need used . , do. John daren't risk it John doesn't dare to risk it, Dare we take the risk? - Do we dare to take the risk?, Need you ask?-Do you need to ask?, You needn't go - You don't need to go. "Used you to play rugby at school?"-"No, I used not. "-"But you used to play some game, usen't you? "-"Of course I used to" : "Did you use to play rugby at school?"-"No, I did not." - "But you used to play some game, didn't you?"- "Of course I did."
/ to dare need. dare to . , dared, needed, dares, needs to. to .
need not (needn't) don't / won't + need / have to . - ( ). :
The party starts at 8.0, but you needn't be there till 8.30.
, - , , - ( () ). :
You do not need to go (AH.).
need Need I go, Mother? must (Must I go, Mother?) , (.: " ?" " ?").
may might do you think? + / be + + likely + . , Are we likely to meet any snakes? May we meet any snakes?, : . . : Do you think she knows we are here?, May she know we are here? Do you think it will rain? ( *Might it rain?).
want , ought to, must should (, , ):
You want to take it easy (He.).
can may - . ( ): You can go now. may can - . can , a may BE. Can , may. May I? , , , . May I? Can I? . Can I? , , , ; , , . , Can I come in? Can I see the manager, please? ?, , , ?. Can I? . , , , Can I help you?. , , - . , Can I? -, - ( , : You can pass me the salt). May I see you home?, , . Can I see you home?, , .
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- may n . :
You cannot / can't have additional time (AH.);
Why can't I have an additional day to prepare? (ib.).
may , . .:
Why mayn't I have...? (ib.). |
Could I? Could I ask you something, if you're not too busy? - , , , . Could I?, , , Can I?. Might I? . :
Might I take the liberty of pointing out that you have made a small mistake?
, can may. Could might , , . :
" Could I use your phone?"- "Yes, of course you can " ( *could)1,
" Might I trouble you for a light?" - "You may indeed" ( *might).
1 could , - . : "Can / Could you help me with this math problem?"-"Yes. I could (if you would wait a few minutes while I finish this work)". |
can, may. :
It's not fair. Joey can stay up till ten and I have to go to bed at eight ( *may).
could was allowed to had permission to . could - , .. . , was allowed to had permission to. .:
When I lived at home, Icould watch TVwhenever I wanted to | |
Iwas allowed to see heryesterday evening ( *I could see her...); | |
He had permission to go out for an hour( * could go out...). |
could , .
- () , . :
All those contributing to this book have a very practical interest in all that does, might or should go on in higher education.
. :
Senor Montevalde had never faced a bull without the protection of a stout fence, and never would (Har.).
, . , have :
) "" Active,
) ", " Passive,
) Active, Passive,
) "", "" Active Passive , ,
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) up " ", " "- Passive, Active. :
a) They have a beautiful house, * beautiful house is had by them;
6) Then, suddenly, we're a joke; then we' ve been had (Ir.);
) We had a good time (LD.);
Coffee and hot-dogs are in plentiful supply, and a grand time is had by thousands of onlookers (MN.) ( A good time was had by all (LD.));
) What shall we have for dinner? (Hor.);
Free seats were not to be had (M.);
Anything in the market can be had for the right price (LD.);
) Mary would be had up as accomplice (Co.).
, , , . , : The lawn wasn't walked over (by visitors), The lawn can't be walked over (by visitors). . : dependable adj - that may be depended upon (.) *that is depended upon. . :
John cannot do it " " | |
It cannot be done by John "He , ". |
get be. .
1. Get , a be - . get , , . .:
got angered when he realized he was being manipulated ( ) | |
was angered when he realized he was being manipulated ( , ). |
2. get . , got executed , got spared. get .. - * got informed (about it) ( was informed), - got acquitted ( . ), - got convicted , , -The bastard got convicted, . get . : didn't get convicted / acquitted. get , , .. be , - , get . .:
. John was hurt in the accident | |
. John got hurt in the accident; | |
. We got caught in a heavy shower | |
. We were caught... |
3. be get , , , . , got acquitted , , by, , . : * got acquitted by the new judge. Cp. " " get be:
Ever since he got elected Class President, he's been stuck up " , " | |
Ever since he was elected Class President, things have been running much more smoothly " ". |
. :