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FAQ

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(INSTRUCTION FOR MEDICAL PREPARATION)

Cafergot. .

Action
Adverse Reactions
Contraindications
Description
Dosage and Administration
Indications
Precautions

Cafergot

(1).

Ergotamine tartrate 1 mg

Caffeine........ 100 mg

(2)XXXXXXX. Ergotamine is an alpha adrenergic blocking agent with a direct stimulating effect on the smooth muscle of peripheral and cranial blood vessels and produces depression of central vasomotor canters.

Caffeine, also a cranial vasoconstrictor, is added to further enhance the vasoconstrictive effect.

Many migraine patients experience nausea and vomiting during attacks making it impossible for them to retain any oral medication. In such cases, therefore, the only practical means of medications is through the rectal route, where medication may reach the cranial vessels directly.

(3)XXXXXXX. Indicated as therapy to prevent vascular headache.

(4)XXXXXXX. Peripheral vascular disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, impaired renal function, sepsis and pregnancy. Hypersensitivity to any of the components.

(5)XXXXXXX. Although signs and symptoms of ergotism rarely develop even after long term intermittent use of the orally or rectally administered drug, care should be exercised to remain within the limits of the recommended dosage.

(6)XXXXXXX. Vasoconstrictive complications, at time of a serious nature, may occur. These include pulselessness, weakness, muscle pain and precordial distress and pain. Other adverse effects include transient tachycardia or bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, localized edema and itching.

(7)XXXXXXX. Procedure: for the best results, dosage should start at the first sign of an attack; 2 tablets at start of attack, 1 additional tablet every 1/2 hour (maximum 6 tablets per attack).

 

CHECK YOURSELF

.

DISEASE: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Disease may be acute, chronic, malignant, or benign. Of these terms, chronic and acute have to do with the duration of a disease, malignant, and benign with its potentiality for causing death.

An acute disease process usually begins abruptly and is over soon. Acute appendicitis, for example, is characterized by vomiting, and pain usually localized in the lower right side. It usually requires immediate surgical treatment. The term chronic refers to a process that often begins very gradually and then persists over a long period. For example, ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease. Its peak incidence is early in the second decade of life. The disease is characterized by relapsing attacks of bloody diarrhea that persist for weeks to months. These attacks alternate with asymptomatic periods that can last from weeks to years.

The terms benign and malignant, most often used to describe tumours, can be used in a more general sense. Benign diseases are generally without complications, and agood prognosis is usual. A wart on the skin is a benign tumour caused by a virus; it produces no illness and usually disappears spontaneously if given enough time (often many years). Malignancy implies a process that, if left alone, will result in fatal illness. Cancer is the general term for all malignant tumours.

Diseases usually are indicated by signs and symptoms. A sign is defined as an objective manifestation of disease that can be determined by a physician; a symptom is subjective evidence of disease reported by the patient. Each disease entity has a constellation of signs and symptoms; individual signs such as fever, however, may be found in a great number of diseases.

Fever is an abnormal rise in body temperature. It is most often a sign of infection but can be present whenever there is tissue destruction, as, for example, from a severe burn or when large amounts of tissue have died because of lack of blood supply. Fever is a highly significant indicator of disease.

The pulse rate is another easily obtainable and important piece of information. The heart rate varies with the level of physical activity: the heart beats faster during exercise and more slowly during rest. An inappropriate heart rate (or pulse) may be indicative of disease. The heart rate increases in the feverish patient. A weak, rapid pulse rate may be a sign of severe blood loss or of disease within the heart itself. Irregularity of the pulse is an important indicator of heart malfunction.

The respiratory rate (rate of breathing) is modified by disease. Persons with fever have an increased respiratory rate, which serves to lower body temperature (this rapid breathing is analogous to the panting of a dog).

Temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate called the vital signs may be important manifestations of disease, fourth vital sign, blood pressure, is equally significant. Among other things, it indicates the amount of blood circulation.

1. Which of the following is not characteristic for chronic diseases?

A The process is developing little by little.

B Chronic diseases require immediate surgical treatment.

C The process lasts a long period of time.

D The acute condition may alter with periods when a patient feels well.

According to the passage, _________. ________.

A benign diseases result in severe complications

B a wart if left alone may result in cancer

C some benign tumours may be caused by a virus

D benign tumours produce illnesses that may be fatal

3. Which of the following is not true?

A Fever is one of the most important signs of the disease

B Symptoms are subjected to doctors.

C Fever is an unusual increase in body temperature

D There is a great number of signs and symptoms every illness.

Irregularity of the pulse shows everything except, _________.

A bleeding

B the rise in temperature

C a heart disease

D the cause of disease

5. Which of the following is not true?

A The higher the temperature is, the quicker one breathes.

B Temperature, pulse, blood pressure and rate breathing are significant manifestations of disease.

C Fever shows the lack of blood supply.

D Blood pressure shows the amount of blood in circulation.

(IRREGULAR VERBS)

, (Past Indefinite), (Past Participle) , .

Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle
be beat become begin blow break bring build burn buy catch choose come cost cut do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forget get give go grow have hear hold keep know lead learn leave lend let light lose make mean meet pay put read ring run say see sell send set shine show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal sweep swim take teach tell think throw understand wake wear win write was/were beat became began blew broke brought built burnt bought caught chose came cost cut did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard held kept knew led learnt left lent let lit lost made meant met paid put read rang ran said saw sold sent set shone showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swept swam took taught told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote been beaten become begun blown broken brought built burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown had heard held kept known led learnt left lent let lit lost made meant met paid put read rung run said seen sold sent set shone shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swept swum taken taught told thought thrown understood woken worn won written () , , ; , () ; , ; , ; , ; , , () , , ; , , , ; ; () , , , , ; , (, ) ,

-

(ENGLISH-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY)


A

able -

abnormality ,

abrasion ,

absence -

abstinence -

accident -

accompany -

according to (.-.)

accumulation -

ache -

achieve

acidity

acquaint

act -

add -

addiction -

additional -

adhere -

adjust -

administer -

admission (-.)

admit (-.)

admonition -

advance

advanced

adverse -

advise -

affect ,

ageing -

aggressive -

aid

AIDS -

aim ;

alert - , , ,

alleviate -

alter ()()

ambulance -

amount -

amplify -

annual -

apart - , ,

appear

apply , ,

appoint ()

appointment -

approach ()

approximately -

area -

armpit -

arrange ,

arrest -

arrive -

artificial -

as long as -

as well (as) ()

asphyxiate -

assemble , , ()

assessment - ,

assist -

associated -

association - , ,

assure ,

attach -

attack : heart ~

attempt ;

attend ()

attention -

attentive -

attract -

authority -

available ( )

avoid

B

bandage ,

beam -

behaviour -

belong -

beneficial , ,

benign -

bite ,

bleed -

blister -

block (),

blood -

bloodstream

bombardment ,

border ,

bottle -

bowels -

brain ()

breakdown - , , ,

breast ,

breathe -

breathlessness -

bring together -

bruise - ,

bulla

burn -

 

C

calf ()

call ()

calm (down) ()

care , ,

careful , ,

carry -

carry on .-.,

carry out ()

case , ; ~ history

catch (caught) : ~ a cold (chill)

catheter -

cause ; (-)

cell -

certain

change ()

chapter - ()

charge: doctor in ~

check ;

chicken-pox -

choke - , ;

chill - ,

circulation -

clamp -

clarify ,

cleanse - ,

clear , , ,

clinician -

close -

cloth -

clue ( )

clump - , ,

coagulate ( )

cod-liver oil

cold (. common cold) -

collaborative -

combine - , ()

common , , ,

compare -

comparison -

complain -

complaint

complete ;

completely -

complication -

compound - ();

comprise - ( -., -.)

concern , ,

conclude -

conclusion : draw/make a ~

condition ,

confirm -

connect -

consciousness ; recover ones ~

consider ,

consideration - , ,

constant -

constrict -

consumption , ; ; ( )

content (), ..

contraindication -

contribute -

convalescent -

convert -

convince -

convulsion -

cope (with) ()

cough : whooping ~

count: blood cell ~

cover ,

cure -

current , ,

curriculum

cut (cut) - , ;

 

 

D

 

dairy products -

damage , ;

data ..

date , ,

dead -

deal (dealt) ()

dealt . deal

death

debris , ,

decade -

decay - , , ,

decision -

decisive , ,

decrease -

deep -

defecate -

defecation -,

defensive -

deficient -, , ,

define -

definition -

delay ;

deliberately - , ,

deliver ()

deny -

depend (on) ()

dependent -

deposition - , , ,

depth -

derive , ,

describe -

deserve -

design -

desire -

destroy -

detect -

determine -

develop (), ()

device -

devote -

digest ()

dimension , , ..

direct ()

disadvantage -

disappearance -

discharge (), (); (),

discontinue -

discourage - , , , ,

discovery -

discussion: problem under ~

disorder -

display -

dissect - , ,

distress - ( )

distribute -

district , ,

diuretic

divide (into) () ()

division (), , ,

DNA -

double -

draught -

dress ()

dressing - ,

drop ,

dropper -

drug ,

dry ;

dryness -

due to

dull ,

dust -

duty: doctor on ~

dyspnea

 

E

eager

early ,

earpiece -

edge , ,

edition -, ,

effect - , ; side ~:

efficient -, , effort ,

elect -

elevate -,

elicit ,

eliminate -

emergency - , ,

emergent -, ()

employment - , , ,

enable - -.

circle -

enclose - , ,

encourage -; , ( -.)

enhance - ,

enormously - ,

enrage -

environment

equipment -

eradicate -

erase -, ,

eruption -

escalate - ()

essential ,

establish -

Esteem

event ,

evidence - , ,

exacerbate -

examine -

exceed ,

excellent - ,

excessive -

excited -

exclude -

exertion -

exist -

expand - (), ()

expectancy: life ~ -

experience -

explain (to) (.-.)

explore -

expose , (), , ( )

exposure - , ()

extend (), ()

extensive , , , ( ; )

exudate , ..

eye : the naked ~

eyesight

 

 

F

faint

fashion - , ; ,

fat ()

fatigue -

fear ;

feed (fed) -

fetus -

fever ,

field , ,

fight (fought) -

Figure

fill ,

film -

findings ,

flame -

flow ;

flu -

fluorescence -

fold ,

follow ( .-.)

follow-up - ()

foodstuff -

force out - , ,

former

foul-smelling

free -

frequent -

full -

further

 

 

G

gallstone -

gargle -

general -

general practitioner

generalize -

germ ,

goat ,

government -

gown -

gradually -

graft - , ,

gram-positive -

growth ,

guide ,

 

 

H

haemorrhage -

hair -

hand in - , ,

handle -

hard ,

harm -

harmful ,

headache

heal - ,

health -

heart

heartbeat -

heat , (),

heavy ,

hip -

hold (held) -

hungry

 

 

I

immediate -

immediately - ,

impair -

Impose

incidence

include -

increase ()

indeed -

indicate -

indication -,

indigestion -

induce -, , ,

inflammation -

inflow -

influence ;

ingestion - ,

insight - (-.)

inhale -

inhibition - ,

injure - ,

inner -

in-patient -

insertion - ,

insidious -,

insist -

instant - , ,

intake ()

intend -

intention -

interact -

intercourse

interfere ,

intermittent - ,

intolerance -

introduce , ,

invade -

invent -

investigate -

invisible -

involve -

irregular - ,

irritation

itch ()

 

 

J

jaundice -

jog

join (), (), ()

joint

 

 

K

kill off ,

kind , ,

knee

 

 

L

label -

larva -

latest - ,

latter

lay (laid) -

layer -

lead (led) -

lead -

least: at ~

length -

lens -

lesion -

less -

level -

light ;

likelihood -

limb -

limitation -

line -

link -

lining

liquid -

litter -,

load -

long ,

loss ,

lump - , (, ),

 

 

M

main -

maintain ,

major -

majority -

malaise -

male -

malignant -

manage , ()

manifestation -

mark ,

marker , -

matter ,

mean ;

measurement -

media ..

medication - , ,

medicine ,

medium -

mental - ,

mention -

mercury

mild -,

mind ;

minute -

miss ,

moan ()

moist

morbidity -

mortality -

mouth-wash -

movable -

mucus -

murmur -

 

 

N

narrow

nausea -

neck -

needle -

note , , ;

notice , , ,

notify -,

number: a number of

nurse

nutritious

 

O

obesity -

observation -

observe -

obstruct -

obtain ,

occupy , , ,

occur -

occurrence -

ointment

onset - ()

opaque , ,

opinion -

order ; in order to ,

ordinary -

otherwise ,

outbreak -

outcome -

outer -

outlook - , , , ,

out-patient -

overstrain -

overweight

owing to

own ,

oxygenation -

 

 

P

pacemaker -

pain -

paper ,

paroxysm -

partially -

participant -

particle -

particular ; in ~

pass -

passage -

percentage -

perform -

Performed

permission -

permit -

persistent -

perspiration -,

persuade -

pharmacy -

pincers -

pioneer -

plant

plaster of Paris -

platelet -

plenty (of) -

plunger

pointed -

poison ;

pollen -

possible -

postulate - ,

precise -

predict -

prescribe -

prescription -

present -

preserve ,

pressure -

prevent -

previous -

previously -

private -

probability -

probe ,

proceedings -, ( ),

profit ;

profuse -

progress -

proper ,

properly - , ,

property -

propose -

pros and contras ( )

prove -

provide -

pull ,

pump ,

pupil -

pure -

purpose

purulent -

pus

 

Q

quality -

quantity -

quinsy -

quite - ,

 

 

R

radiate , ()

raise - ()

rale ( )

rapid -

rash -

rate , ,

reach -

readings , ( )

reappear - ,

reason -

reasonable ,

recent -

recognition -

recover -

recurrent - , ,

reduce ()

reflect ()

refresh -

refrigerate -

register ,

regulation - , , ,

reject -

relate - ()

relation -

relaxation -

relevant .-.

relief -

rely -

remain ( )

remarkable -

remedy -

remove -

repeat -

report ,

represent -

require -

reside , ,

resistance ,

responsible -

rest -

restore ()

restrict -

result ; ~ from ; ~ in

retain ,

retardation ,

retention -

return ()

reveal ,

review -

revise , ,

ring (rang; rung) - ; , ,

rise (rose; risen) , ;

rotten ( )

round ()

rout -

rub in

rub-down -

run over - ,

rupture

 

 

S

safe -

saliva -

same

sample - ,

satiety -

save ,

scent -

scissors -

scrape -

scrub-up -

secure , ( -.);

sedative -, ;

selection - ,

senior (/)

sensitivity ,

sensitization ( )

serum -

serve -

service -

several -

severe - ( )

sharp , ,

shatter ()

shingles -

shiver -

shortly ,

sick

sick-leave

sign ,

significance

similar

since ();

site -

skillfully -

skin -

sleepy -

slide -

slight ,

smallpox -

smooth -

sneeze

sociable -

sodium -

solid ,

solubility -

soreness -

sound , ,

sour -

source -

spare ,

specimen , ( )

spite: in spite of

splint - ,

sponge ,

spot , ; , () ,

spread -

staff

stage -

state ;

statement - ,

stick (stuck)

stiff -

stillbirth -

stitch - ,

stomach -

stool ,

straight -

straighten out - (), ()

strain , ,

stratum ,

strength -

stress ,

stretcher ; ~ cart

strict -

strip (to the waist) ( )

stuck . stick

subside ( )

substance -

substantial - , ,

success - , ,

successfully -

suck -

suffer (from) - (); ()

sufficient -

suggest ,

suitable

Supplementation

supply , ; ,

support (/)

suppurative -

surface -

surround -

survive - ,

susceptible -

swallow -

sweat ,

swell

swollen - ,

 

 

T

tachypnea

take (notes) -

take out -

task -

taut ,

tend () .-.

tenderness -

tenesmus - ,

term , ,

test-tube -

thesis -

thick -

thicken ()

thin -

thorough

throat ; a sore ~ ,

throughout - ; ( , ..)

throw: ~ light ( .-.)

tightness -,

tissue -

tolerance - ,

tourniquet ()

trace - , ,

training -

transfer -

transfuse ()

transient -

transmit -

treat -

trend ,

trial -

trouble ;

troublesome -

true -

tumour -

turbid - ( )

turn out

 

 

U

ulcer -

ulceration -

ultimate -, , ,

umbilical -

unable -

unbearable -

unconscious

undergo - (-.)

underlie - -.

undoubtedly - , ,

undue -, , , ,

uneventful -

unique -

unit - (), , , , ,

up-to-date -

urge ,

urgent - , ,

use -,

useful -

utilize

 

 

V

Vacation -

vague - , , ,

value - , ,

valve -

variety -

varix - ( )

vary (),

vesiculation

vessel -

victim -

view , ,

vigorous -

vomit ,

 

 

W

ward -

warm -

watch -

weak -

weigh -

weight -

wheel ;

whole -

wide -

without -

wool -

worth (-)

wound ;

wrap - ,

wrist -

wrong ,

 

 

X

X-ray


 


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