( ) , , , , : ( ), , [48].
(. Stackelberg leadership model) ( . (Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg; 1905-1946), (Marktform und Gleichgewicht, 1934). , : (leader), - (follower). . , , , .
3 :
1. , ( , );
2. ( , .. );
3. .
.. , :
;
;
.
, , , .
(. Bertrand duopoly) ( . (Joseph Louis François Bertrand; 1882-1900)) , , . (.. ), , , (. . 73).
. 73.
I II .
. (Paul Sweezy; 1910-2004) 1939 . (. . 74).
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. 74.
D1 , D2 . . , . D1 ( , , ), D2 ( ). , : , , , ; , .
. (Harold Hotelling; 1895-1973) (Stability in Competition; 1929).
, (mainstreet), . .
. , : . : [49].
, , , . . , . .
. , . ; . , : , , . 200 .
. , :
p1=c (l+(a-b)/3);
p2=c (l-(a-b)/3);
q1=1/2 (l+(a-b)/3);
q2=1/2 (l-(a-b)/3),
p1- ;
p2- ;
q1- ;
q2- ;
a- ;
b- ;
c- ;
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l - .
, . . (1944), - [50].
, I :
Q1= 9-P1+0,5P2;
I :
Q2= 9-P2+0,5P1.
, P1= P2, :
Q1= 9-0,5P1;
Q2= 9-0,5P2,
, :
=18-Q,
.. . , Q1= Q2=6; P1= P2=6.
FC 20, VC , :
PR=TR-TC=PQ-(FC+VC)=66-20=16.
, , 3 :
1=0,5/(9-0,5) →=9;
Q=9-9+0,59=4,5;
TRmax=94,5=40,5.
, , :
PRmax=TRmax-TC=40,5-20=20,5.
, I , 9, II :
Q1= 9-P1+0,5P2=9-9+3=3;
PR1=TR1-TC=93-20=7;
Q2= 9-6+4,5=7,5;
PR2=TR2-TC=7,56-20=45-20=25.
, II: 7,5.
, , , , ( ), .
, (. 5).
. 5.
II
=6 | =9 | |
=6 | 16;16 | 25;7 |
=9 | 7;25 | 20,5;20,5 |
I
I, , II.
.. .
(. big).
, , ( 4 6 ), , , , .
(Seven Sisters) , .
(60-70 . .) : -, -, , , ( - ); (/); - ().
- ( ). , 2001 . .
-, (. supermajor) , , ( ), . (), () .
(. New Seven Sisters) , . : ( ); ; ; ; (); (); ().
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(. Big Three) , , :
, : , ;
: (); () ();
: , ; , ; , .
(Big Four) . :
: HSBC Bank, Barclays, Lloyds TSB Royal Bank of Scotland;
National Westminster Bank;
Ulster Bank, Northern Bank, First Trust Bank ( ), Bank of Ireland;
Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB Scotland ( ), Clydesdale Bank ();
Allied Irish Banks, Bank of Ireland, National Irish Bank Ulster Bank;
National Australia Bank, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited ( ), Commonwealth Bank, Westpac ( );
Swedbank, Nordea, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken Svenska Handelsbanken;
Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China ( 1949 . : Central Bank of China, Bank of Communications ( ), Farmers Bank of China () Bank of China;
First National Bank, Absa Group Limited, Standard Bank Nedbank.
:
: .., , ( ) .. ();
: .., .., .. ;
, : , ( ), & (); ... ().