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, ,




( ) , , , , : ( ), , [48].

(. Stackelberg leadership model) ( . (Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg; 1905-1946), (Marktform und Gleichgewicht, 1934). , : (leader), - (follower). . , , , .

3 :

1. , ( , );

2. ( , .. );

3. .

.. , :

;

;

.

, , , .

(. Bertrand duopoly) ( . (Joseph Louis François Bertrand; 1882-1900)) , , . (.. ), , , (. . 73).

. 73.

I II .

. (Paul Sweezy; 1910-2004) 1939 . (. . 74).

. 74.

D1 , D2 . . , . D1 ( , , ), D2 ( ). , : , , , ; , .

. (Harold Hotelling; 1895-1973) (Stability in Competition; 1929).

, (mainstreet), . .

. , : . : [49].

, , , . . , . .

. , . ; . , : , , . 200 .

. , :

p1=c (l+(a-b)/3);

p2=c (l-(a-b)/3);

q1=1/2 (l+(a-b)/3);

q2=1/2 (l-(a-b)/3),

p1- ;

p2- ;

q1- ;

q2- ;

a- ;

b- ;

c- ;

l - .

, . . (1944), - [50].

, I :

Q1= 9-P1+0,5P2;

I :

Q2= 9-P2+0,5P1.

, P1= P2, :

Q1= 9-0,5P1;

Q2= 9-0,5P2,

, :

=18-Q,

.. . , Q1= Q2=6; P1= P2=6.

FC 20, VC , :

PR=TR-TC=PQ-(FC+VC)=66-20=16.

, , 3 :

1=0,5/(9-0,5) →=9;

Q=9-9+0,59=4,5;

TRmax=94,5=40,5.

, , :

PRmax=TRmax-TC=40,5-20=20,5.

, I , 9, II :

Q1= 9-P1+0,5P2=9-9+3=3;

PR1=TR1-TC=93-20=7;

Q2= 9-6+4,5=7,5;

PR2=TR2-TC=7,56-20=45-20=25.

, II: 7,5.

, , , , ( ), .

, (. 5).

. 5.

II

  =6 =9
=6 16;16 25;7
=9 7;25 20,5;20,5

 

I

I, , II.

.. .

(. big).

, , ( 4 6 ), , , , .

(Seven Sisters) , .

(60-70 . .) : -, -, , , ( - ); (/); - ().

- ( ). , 2001 . .

-, (. supermajor) , , ( ), . (), () .

(. New Seven Sisters) , . : ( ); ; ; ; (); (); ().

(. Big Three) , , :

, : , ;

: (); () ();

: , ; , ; , .

(Big Four) . :

: HSBC Bank, Barclays, Lloyds TSB Royal Bank of Scotland;

National Westminster Bank;

Ulster Bank, Northern Bank, First Trust Bank ( ), Bank of Ireland;

Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB Scotland ( ), Clydesdale Bank ();

Allied Irish Banks, Bank of Ireland, National Irish Bank Ulster Bank;

National Australia Bank, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited ( ), Commonwealth Bank, Westpac ( );

Swedbank, Nordea, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken Svenska Handelsbanken;

Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China ( 1949 . : Central Bank of China, Bank of Communications ( ), Farmers Bank of China () Bank of China;

First National Bank, Absa Group Limited, Standard Bank Nedbank.

:

: .., , ( ) .. ();

: .., .., .. ;

, : , ( ), & (); ... ().





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