.
, ( ): EN = Cf / C d |
" "
" " = En = Cf / C d, En ─
Cf ─
Cd ─
( ) | |
: 1 . = 1/26 1$ = 0.038 $ | |
: 1 $ = 26 . | |
- | . |
, - . .
, ( , ) | |||
ER = En×(Pd /Pf) | ER─ En─ Pd─ ( ) Pf─ ( ) | ||
: | ( ) : (↓ Xn: > X; ); | ||
( ) : (↑ Xn: X > M; ). | |||
() () . | |||
, Xn Er: Xn = f(Er). : Xn = g MPM ×Y n ×R, .. Xn = f(Y, R) Xn Er: Xn = g MPM ×Y λ × Er. λ , : Xn = f(R,Er). | |
: | Y , AD, .. , : ↑Y → ↑AD → (X ↑M) < 0 → ↓Xn (rd > rw), , , . , : rd > rw → → ↑D .→ ↑Er → ↓X, ↑M → ↓Xn(Xn < 0) |
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() | ; , , , | |
, , (., . .). , , . Pd = Ed/ f × Pf→ Ed/ f = Pd /Pf | ||
20 . (1918 .) ( ), . | ||
: Ed/ f = Pd / Pf | |
. | |
E1d/ f = E0d/ f × (P1d / P0d) / (P1f / P0f) (E1d/ f ─E0d / f ) / E0d / f = πd─πf E1d/ f ─ E0d/ f ─ P1d , P1f ─ P0d , P0f ─ | |
() () : Pd > Pf → ↓ En ( ) Pd < Pf → ↑ En ( ) ← ↓ En = Pd / Pf ↑ → |
: ─ ; ─ (. 10 ): , 14 % . , 15 (.. En = E R). |
─ . : , . |
(En = Pd / Pf) " ─ " . : En = Pd / Pf : M = KPY → Pd = M / KY Mf = Kf Pf Yf → Pf = Mf / Kf Yf En = Pd /Pf = M / Mf× Yf / Y×Kf / K Kf / K ( ) 3 : ─ (i ─ if) ─ (πe ─ πef) ─ (i ─ if, πe ─ πef) = r ─ rf , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) . |
, , (↑En); , , (↓ En). |
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