.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.




Principles of teaching is the original provisions that, taken together, define the requirements for the ENTERPRISE as a whole and its components (goals, objectives, methods, resources, organizational forms, learning).

The principle of learning is one of the basic categories of techniques from a position which defines the requirements for the education system as a whole and its individual components.

Principles of training-system requirements, accepted in society educational values and the essential characteristics of the subject and object of study. Guiding principles in planning and implementing the educational process: setting goals and tasks; the selection of the content and methods of teaching

Principles by Kunanbaeva

1. Organizational

a) Systematicness

b) Accessibility

c) Specific ability

d) Mother tongue benefits

e) Types of speaking

2. Mobilizing

a) Problematic teaching

b) Theory and practice integration

c) Logical, imaginative thinking

Methodic principles

* Communicativeness = the aim is to teach how to communicate.

* Domineering function of exercises

* Native language basis

* Integration and differentiation (includes special tasks for speaking)

* Principle of authenticity (on the level on vocabulary and grammar)

* Problemacity (using questions to develop different technologies, games, roleplays, project work

* Actitivty (largely depends on pupils interest)

 

Methodological principles can be subdivided into general and specific principles.

General principles:

* principle requires a differentiated approach to clearly distinguish between learning speaking, listening, reading and writing. It involves the use of different methods and techniques of training, different exercises depending on the learning objectives, speech activities, the training phase, linguistic material, age of the students, their abilities and qualities.

* principle of learning management representations currently characterized by clarity intermediate learning objectives, providing motivational training process, dividing all language material on the training dose and sequencing of administration and frequency, frequency control, etc.

* principle of isolating specific targets. P. idea I Halperin, who distinguished three types of landmarks: Action samples (show), how to perform actions (explanation), the reference point the correct execution of actions (reinforcement).

* the principle of an integrated approach to motivation in learning FL.

Specific principles:

* principle of interpretation lead (first recorded material orally and then in writing); the principle of parallel training all kinds of speech activities;

* principle of communicative orientation in terms of schooling might be implemented only if the author of textbooks or teachers will be able to create a theme speech activity and required artificial or natural situation in the classroom and in extracurricular activities (meeting with native speakers, correspondence with foreign students).

* principle of oral basics of learning requires the assimilation of all the linguistic material through the spoken word, the written language learning (reading and writing) is realized on the material, lasting learning in speech. This principle implies the existence of an oral introductory course.

* the principle of reliance, exceptions, and accounting.

Cognitive principles

* self-reflection = the student should be able to adequately estimate his own work and results

* self-assessment = the student should estimate the work done

 

Methodological principles of communicatively-oriented teaching:

* language as a means of communication;

* learner-based learning of a F.L.;

* integrative approach in teaching;

* using different types of activities, regimes and tasks;

* a teacher in the classroom is manager, motivator, stimulator, adviser, analyzer, negotiator, researcher, material designer, facilitator;

* a pupil is responsible for his studies:

a) he must find out the ways of learning, effective for him/her, cooperate with other pupils and learn from them;

b) pupils are active participants of communication, they should show their knowledge and interests in problem solving tasks and also initiate different speech activities;

c) they participate in the choice of texts, exercises, methods of teaching and evaluation of them;

d) should be able to enlarge their knowledge independently using different literature and reference books;

e) should be able to overcome difficulties and to talk about them with a teacher;

f) should be able to evaluate their own and their friends achievements in learning a F.L.

. . (-, -, -). Modern approaches in foreign language education. Their basic characteristics. (Person-centered, cognitive-communicative, linguistic and cultural).

Foreign language teaching should implement the principle of continuous language school in the field of foreign language learning, which corresponds to the current needs of the individual and society.

The objectives set for the subject "foreign language", to decide methodically competent teacher, owning modern technologies of teaching foreign language, knows the psychological and pedagogical features of pupils. For achieving necessary: Creating an atmosphere of mutual understanding, mutual interest of each student as a result of their activities. Collective interaction (individual, pair, group work).

Personality-oriented communication (the interests of students, personality traits, psychological characteristics). The volume of digestible material (according to age). Conscious acquisition of language in teaching communication. The number and variety of methods (communicative, creative games, contests, discussions, songs, plays, movies, presentations, presentation, projects, use of information technology, handouts). Density of communication (clear lesson planning, a high rate of lessons).

Communicative atmosphere in the classroom (psychological comfort, installing the communication, speech and availability subject of interest to him).

Students in the classes differ in the level of formation of skills of speaking, reading, listening, writing, for your creativity, ability to communicate. The main methods of technology student-centered learning are the following: teaching methods in cooperation; methods of projects; multilevel training; modular training.

The most efficient and effective, in my opinion, is a cooperative learning. The basic idea of technology - to create conditions for an active co-curricular activities of students in different situations to work on a joint project.

In learner-centered teaching, the focus is on the student as learner, on improving student learning and success, rather than on the transmission of information. By definition, learner-centred approach also known as child-centred learning is a learning that mainly majors on the needs of the students other than those of other involved parties such as administrators and teachers in the education system. In this approach, the teacher is placed to facilitate the learning, focus on the interests, needs, and learning styles of the students. The student-centred approach focuses on the method where the students act as a source of answer to each other. In this case, the students ask and answer one anothers questions and end up taking the teacher/instructor as a resource of information. In student centered teaching, we center our planning, our teaching, and our assessment around the needs and abilities of our students. The main idea behind the practice is that learning is most meaningful when topics are relevant to the students lives, needs, and interests and when the students themselves are actively engaged in creating, understanding, and connecting to knowledge. Students will have a higher motivation to learn when they feel they have a real stake in their own learning. Instead of the teacher being the sole, infallible source of information, then, the teacher shares control of the classroom and students are allowed to explore, experiment, and discover on their own. The students are not just memorizing information, but they are allowed to work with and use the information alone or with peers. For foreign language students, especially, the student-centered method has special benefits. When students use the language, they retain it more than if they would simply hear it. They get practice in actively producing meaningful conversation and they take a more direct route to fluency than they would take, for example, if they filled out worksheets with sentences created by the teacher.

The creativity inherent in student-centered activities adds an element of surprise to each class, and foreign language students tend to bore less often. As a result, even through foreign language learning can be frustrating and intimidating the students stay engaged and willing to learn.

The change in the approach to language teaching from traditional teacher-centred to more learner-centred (e.g. Nunan, 1988; Tudor, 1996), which as Nunan (1988: 179) noted, is an

offspring of communicative language learning requires learners to participate and

negotiate actively in meaningful interaction in order to interpret and construct

meaning by themselves.

Cognitive Lingua Cultural approach and its essence This approach plays a big role in FLT, because with a help of cognitive approach the main subject of FLT becomes a pupil, his knowledge, his thinking, his cognition. Lingua-cultural approach means connection between culture and language. They are inseparable because without background knowledge about culture and their customs and traditions, habits, we cannot use properly language cognitive linguo-cultural aspect reveals patterns of cognitive processes and mechanisms of formation of linguistic identity and the formation of his primary conceptual picture of the world on the basis of their culture, as reflected lingua-cultural national linguistic consciousness and mentality.

The communicative approach of teaching English was adopted and practiced in 1970s. Communication requires students perform certain functions, such as promising, inviting, and declining invitations within social context (Wilkins, 1976). Being able to communicate requires more than linguistic competence; it requires communicative competence (Hymes, 1971). Therefore, the communicative language teaching has proved to be one of the best language teaching methods suitable for learning a foreign language, as it is mainly concentrated on the ability to speak rather than know all grammar rules and structures.

CLT procedures often require teachers to acquire less teacher-centered classroom management skills. It is the teacher's responsibility to organize the classroom as a setting for communication and communicative activities. Guidelines for classroom practice (e.g., Littlewood 1981; Finocchiaro and Brumfit 1983) suggest that during an activity the teacher monitors, encourages, and suppresses the inclination to supply gaps in lexis, grammar, and strategy but notes such gaps for later commentary and communicative practice. At the conclusion of group activities, the teacher leads in the debriefing of the activity, pointing out alternatives and extensions and assisting groups in self-correction discussion. Critics have pointed out, however, that non-native teachers may feel less than comfortable about such procedures without special training.

31-33. , , . . . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , .

, , . . , , , , . , .

. ( ) . ( ) , - .

( ), , , .

60% , . , . - , ( ) , . , - . , . , , .

.

, / , ( .., .. . .: . ., 1993).

, . , , , .

, , . , , , , .

34. , . , . 6 , , , . . - , :

(Basic User) 1 (Breakthrough)
2 (Waystage)
(Independent User) 1 (Threshold)
2 (Vantage)
C (Proficient User)   1 (Effective Operational Proficiency)
2 (Mastery)

 

. , , . , - .

:

1

1 , . / , / , , . , .
2 (, , , ..). , . , , .
1 , , , , .. , . . , , , , .
  2   , . , . , , .
      1   , . , . . , , , , .
2   , , . , .

 

, . , .

35. - , , . , , , . :

1) , ;

2) .

, ; ; , ; - , , , , , . , , , , , ..

, , , . , .

, - . , , , , . , .

36-39. , , . . , , , , , . .

. . . , , .

, . , , ( , ), , . .. , .. , .. , , , , (.. , .. ), (.. ), (.. ). , . .. , .. , , . , , , , , .

, , , , . , , , , .

, ( ) ( ). , . :

;

, ;

, , ;

, . ( ) .

. - . , , . . , , . , , , . . , , , . , , , .. . - . , , , , .

40-44| 65-66, 73. , (.. ).

, , - .

, . . . , , , .

, : . , , ; , , . ( ); ( ) . , ( ), , , . , . . (.. ).

.

. : , . : . . . . . : , , . . , . , : , , . . , , , .. , , , . .

. , , . . . .

, , . , . , :

- ;

- ;

- , ;

- , - .

, , , . , , . .

, .

. , . . .

, , apee . , , . : , , , , . . , .

. . . , . , . , . , .

(). , , . , , .. . , .

.

. , , .. , .

, . , .. . , , , . , , . , , , .

. test , , . , , (.). , .

, , . . , , . . , . , . , , , . , , , . , ..

, , , , .





:


: 2016-10-30; !; : 857 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1850 - | 1649 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.087 .