HF | F | - | |
HCl | () | Cl | - |
HBr | Br | - | |
HI | I | - | |
N | N | - | |
H2S | S2 | - | |
HS | - | ||
HClO | ClO | - | |
HClO2 | lO2− | - | |
HClO3 | lO3− | - | |
HClO4 | lO4− | - | |
H2SO3 | HSO3− | - | |
SO32− | - | ||
H2SO4 | HSO4− | - | |
SO42− | - | ||
HNO2 | NO2− | - | |
HNO3 | NO3− | - | |
H3PO4 | H2PO3− | - | |
HPO32− | - | ||
PO43− | - | ||
H2CO3 | HCO3− | - | |
CO32− | - | ||
H2SiO3 | SiO32− | - | |
H3BO3 | () | BO33− | - |
H2CrO4 | CrO42− | - | |
H2Cr2O7 | Cr2O72− | - | |
HMnO4 | MnO4 | - | |
H2MnO4 | MnO42 | - |
Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, Sn(OH)4 .
(, ) 11.
, ( NH4+) . ( NH4+) . , ( 3).
() ( NH4+) . , Na2CO3, K2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2. : -, . :
K3PO4 3K+ + PO43-
NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl-
11
1. : + 2 Ba(OH)2 BaO + H2O 2. + → + H2O: Ba(OH)2 + 2 → Ba3 + 2 NaOH(.) + SO2 → NaHSO3 3.ٸ + → : 3NaOH(.) + AlCl3 → Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl 2KOH(.) + 2AgNO3 → Ag2O↓ + H2O + 2KNO3 4. + → 2Ca(OH)2(.) + 2Cl2 → Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O 3 + 4 + 3H2O 3↑ + 322 5.ٸ + +2 → + 2↑ 3NaOH(.) + Zn + 22 → Na2[Zn(OH)4] + 2↑ 6. : | 1. : 23 → 2↑ + 2 2S3 S2↑ + 2↑ 2. + . (.) → + 2: 2H3PO4(.) + 3 → 3(4)2↓ + 32 2HNO3 + ZnO → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 3.)- + , , : 8NaI + 5H2SO4(.)→ 4I2↓ + H2S↑ +4Na2SO4 +4H2O ) + → + Na2SO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + SO2↑ + H2O BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4↓ + 2HCl 4. + : + 2H2SO4(.) 2↑ + 2SO2↑ + 2H2O S + 2HNO3(.) H2SO4 + 2NO↑ 5. ( ) + ( )→ C + 2↑: H2SO4(.) + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2↑ 2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2↑ 6. : |
3. + → + 2 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O NaOH(.) + 23 → Na3 + 2 | |
11 | |
1. : + 2 Pb(OH)2 PbO + H2O | |
1.. + . → + 2 2Be(OH)2 + 2CO2 → Be2CO3(OH)2↓ + H2O 2.. + → + 2 Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O | 1.. + . → + 2 Al2O3 + 2NaOH(.,.) + 3H2O → 2Na[Al(OH)4] 2.. + → + 2 Ga(OH)3 + NaOH NaGaO2 + 2H2O Ga(OH)3 + NaOH(.,.) → Na[Ga(OH)4] |
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() . . , NaHCO3, Ca(H2PO4)2, KHSO3. :
NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3-
HCO3- H+ + CO32-
() . . , (uOH)2CO3, AlOH(NO3)2, FeOHCl. :
gOHCl gOH+ +Cl-
gOH+ g2+ + OH-
. , , :
Na+Cl
Ca2+SO42
. . 12.
12
, HNO3 | NO3 | I | Ca(NO3)2 | |
, H2SiO3 | SiO32 | II | Na2SiO3 | |
, H2SO4 | SO42 | II | PbSO4 | |
, H2CO3 | CO32 | II | Na2CO3 | |
, H3PO4 | PO43 | III | AlPO4 | |
, HBr | Br | I | NaBr | |
, HI | I | I | KI | |
, H2S | S2 | II | FeS (II) | |
, HCl | Cl | I | NH4Cl | |
, HF | F | I | CaF2 |
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13 . , , .
1. (. ).
2. , :
Ba(NO3)2 + K2SO42KNO3 + BaSO4¯
3. :
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
( ), , .
13