{Infinitive) - , , , . , ,
. to. , (to see, to hear, to watch, to fee), to make, to let, a had better, would rather to .
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple infinitive | to plan | to be planed |
| Continuous infinitive | to be planning | |
| Perfect infinitive | to have planned | to have been planned |
| Perfect Continuous Infinitive | to have been planning |
to hope, to expect, to intend, to mean, to want.
He intended to have translated the article in time. - .
, , .
read is useful. - .
.
The speaker did not know what to say. - , .
.
They claim to be supporting the cause of peace. - , .
I heard him speak. - .
, , - .
The report to be delivered at the conference is of primary importance. - , , .
the first, the second, the last , - .
The first person to terminate the debates was the chairman himself. -, , . , .
This is the only conclusion to be drawn from this report. - , . , .
The reports to be published were already on the desk. - , , .
, such, such... as, enough, so, too, only, , , , .
|
|
|
She succeeded to be promoted to find out that she did not need it. - , .
:
to be frank - to tell the truth - .
:
:
What was done should have been done. - To, , .
,
:
There is no convincing explanation why he could not have arrived at these conclusion before you. - , .
,
( may, might, could):
Some evidence could have survived through these years. - , .
(
must):
must have been here - he left a note for you. - , - .
,
, (
should, would, could, might, ought to to
be to):
You should have warned me beforehand. - .
,
( can, could ):
couldn't have written this book himself. - He , .
UNIT 5.
International Law
1. , .
International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality. The rules of international law are of a normative character; they prescribe standards of conduct. They are designed for authoritative interpretation by an independent judicial authority and can be enforced by the application of external sanctions. International law means public international law as distinct from private international law or the conflict of laws. International law should be distinguished from quasi-international law, which is the law governing relations similar to those covered by international law but outside the pale of international law because at least one of the parties lacks international personality.
International law is the product of a threefold process initiated in the Western world: the disintegration of the medieval European community into a European society, the expansion of this European society, and concentration of power in the hands of a rapidly declining number of leading states. In the absence of an agreed state of truce or peace, war was the basic state of international relations. Unless exceptions were made by means of individual safe conduct or treaty, rulers saw themselves entitled to treat foreigners at their absolute discretion. Treaty law was the predominant feature of medieval international law. The observance of treaties and other engagements rested on self-interest, especially in relation to obligations of a reciprocal character, and the value attached by an obligated party to his moral credit and his respect for the principle of good faith. With the expansion of European society the universalist spirit that imbued the naturalist doctrine of in-
|
|
|
temational law gave to international law the elasticity needed to adapt itself to a constantly widening international environment. Major European powers acquired a leading stand in world developments. The coexistence of sovereign states in a legal system postulates equality, but this equality in international law is of a purely formal character. Real influence still rests with only a handful of nations.
2. , 1 .
3. .
rules of international law...................................................................
independent judicial authority............................................................
basic state of international relations...................................................
observance of treaties........................................................................
coexistence of sovereign states..........................................................
international environment..................................................................
absolute discretion.............................................................................
legal system.......................................................................................
expansion of European society..........................................................
leading stand in world developments.................................................
4. .
- . . - . , , . - . , . -
, - , . , . , , . , , , - .
5. , 3. . . , , . .
6. .
