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:




:

































 

 

 

 





. L.. (3)

V. = . L..

V. , , , , .

(. 9.3 9.4). , , n.

9.3 9.4

: ; : () .

W .

m = α/W ; m` = α/b.

α b . , , , , .

- , . , . , , ( >0.25 ) (), ( = 0.0150.25 ). - .

, ; . , , , . .

: , , , 10-15 % 1.2-1.3 .

. , , .

, . , ( 30%) (15-20%). , - .

. . 0.5- 1.5 . .

. , . ()

= W,

, , / ( = 1.52.5; = 34; = 56).

25%.

.

: , , , - . , , .

.

 

9.5 :

1-21 .

(. 9.5, ) = 25-75 . >25 . (, ), , (, ) ., W b, ; n 3.

, , .

, , (. 9.5, ). 1-2 . , , .

() 20-30% ( , 9.5, ), ( , . 9.5, , ). - .

(. 9.5, ), , .

, (. 9.6). 1: 2. , , (0.60.8) ℓ . (), , .

9.6

:

, 2 ; 1- ; 2 ;

3

 

10 ( )

(q q) V, .

(. . .)

d () . .

W = 53 dc , (10.1)

, 1, 1.1; 1.2; ∆ - , / 3; - , /3; ( 79/21).

. . . m 1.2

W` = W (1.6- 0.5m). (10.2)

(10.1) (10.2) = 1.1; = 1; ∆ = 0.9 /3,

W` =[30d (3 m)]/ . (10.3)

. . .

W = tgα + , (10.4)

, ; α , ; , ; = 3 .

(10.3) (10.4), , :

D = ( tgα +C) /[30(3-m)]. (10.5)

, , , , , , , . . . (W).

, W d. , W

W = d (10.6)

W = (40-45) d,

W = (35-40) d W = (25-35) d.

W m. m = 1.1-1.2, m = 1-1.1 m = 0.85-1. m, , ( ) . m = 2-4 , .

. . . W>W, ( m 0.6), . . . . , , , .

= m W; b , b 0.85 .

, .





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