If I were acquainted with this professor, I should have rung him up
yesterday. ,
. (II ),
(III ).
If I had written my essay yesterday, I should be free now. -
, .
(III ),
(II ).
()
if, provided, in case , had, were, could, might, should. .
Had he translated this article, he would have given it to me.
, .
Were he older, he would understand it. ,
.
, , , but for..., if it were not for..., had it not been for... (. . ):
But for the strength of their character, the first settlers might not have survived
the first winter in America. ,
.
wish
to wish, , , , .
, , . : , ...; , ....
I wish I knew how to do it. , .
I wish I could speak Spanish. , -.
I wish I didn't live here! , !
I wish I had gone there. . (, ).
I wish I hadn't called you. , .
I wish I had called you. , .
Practice
Ex.1. Compare the sentences. Translate them.
1. If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
2. If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy)
3. If we had played a little better, we could have won the game. (We didn't play well, so we lost the game)
4. If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer. (You didnt buy a computer because you didnt have money)
5. If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. (You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough)
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6. I wish I knew Steves telephone number. (I dont know it)
7. If onlyI had told my parents about this misunderstanding. (I didnt tell them about it)
Ex. 2. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets, pay attention to the types of conditional sentences. Translate the sentences.
1) If the taxi (to arrive) late, well miss the appointment.
2) If you (to meet)Jack, please tell him that we need him badly.
3) (To get) I any discount if I pay in cash?
4) Someone may have an accident unless we (to improve) safety standards.
5) If I were you, I (to accept) the offer.
6) If I saw him, I (to tell) him about your request.
7) If I (to have)time, Id go with you.
8) If James (to change) his job, he would earn more money.
9) If they (to help) us, we shouldnt have finished the work.
10) Youd have got a higher mark if you (to study) harder in winter.
11) They would have bought this flat if it (to be) too expensive.
12) But for the financial crisis the company (to fail).
Ex. 3. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets. Translate the sentences.
1. The company will ask the bank for a credit if it (not to have) enough money for a new branch.
2. If the company (not to meet) the demands of consumers, its goods would not be recognized in the market.
3. If the price of the good had not be raised, the company (not to make) any profit.
4. If you (to translate) this article into Russian, you should use it in your report.
5. If it (to rain), we shan't go to the country on Sunday.
6. I shant be able to translate this article unless I (to find) a dictionary of finance terms.
7. If I had seen him, I (to tell) him about their plans.
8. If I werent so busy, I (to do) it for you.
9. If you (to be) very early, dont expect them to be ready.
10.He (to act) differently if he had been given an answer two days ago.
11. If the company (make) a profit last year, each shareholder would have
received a part of it.
Ex. 4. Match these parts to make conditional sentences
1. If I had their address,
2. If you saw her now,
3. If I took more exercise,
4. If you got a new job,
5. If you asked Kate,
6. If I travelled first class,
7. If it was a little warmer,
8. If she didnt answer the phone,
9. If you went to the doctor,
10. If I stopped off in Toronto,
a) it would cost over £650.
b) you might earn a bit more money.
c) I would probably stay with Linda.
d) she must have been out at work.
e) she would give you a certificate.
f) she would probably give you a lift.
g) we could go for a swim.
h) I might lose a bit of weight.
i) I could write and ask them.
j) you would hardly recognize her.
(From Collins)
Ex. 5. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.
I cant write to her because I dont have her address.
- I could write to her if I had her address.
a. Id like to go abroad but I cant afford it.
b. Im not going to buy that car because its so expensive.
c. We cant go out because its raining.
d. She wont come to the party because shes away on holiday.
e. The central heating isnt working so we cant turn it on.
Ex. 6. Make conditional sentences.
1. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you had problems. If...
2.This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If...
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3.He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask his advice because I am not
acquainted with him. If...
4. We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If...
5. always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and
he works a lot at it. If...
6. The boxes were so heavy that I could not carry them. That's why I took a taxi. If...
7. I had a bad headache yesterday, that's why I did not come to see you. If...
8. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If
9. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If...
10. It is late, and I have to go home. If...
11. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If...
12. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If...
13. They spent a year in Rome, so they speak Italian fluently. If...
Ex.7. a) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets. Translate the sentences.
1) I wish I (to know) Italian. The delegation from Italy has come to the factory.
2) I wish we (not to have) so many meetings.
3) I wish we (to advertise) our furniture on television. The sales are low.
4) I wish I never (to suggest) this idea.
5) Don't you wish you (to see) that performance before?
6) I wish I (to have) a discount for the flight. The prices are so high.
7) I wish I (to consult) the lecturer when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me.
b) Change the sentences using I wish
Pattern: It's a pity you are ill. I wish you were not ill.
1) My friend regrets not having entered the Academy
2) He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test-paper in German.
3) Unfortunately she won't return before Christmas.
4) It's a pity that you did not send for the doctor last night.
5) I must get in touch with Sue. But I dont know her number.
6) Its a pity Im working next weekend.
Ex. 8. In what situations can you hear these sentences? Add the first phrases.
1. - .
- Youll get a discount if you pay in cash.
2. -
- If I only had the time, Id do it gladly.
3. -
- If you are going to America, you will need a visa.
4. -
- If I were you, I would take the money.
5. -
- You will fail your exams unless you work harder.
6. - .
- You wouldnt believe it unless you saw it.
Ex. 9. Lets dream. What would happen / what would change in your life if you
had..?
lived?
knew ..?
could...?
found...?
got?
lived.....?
met...?
Add some more ideas.
Ex.10. Choose the correct option.
1. He wished he _____her the money. She never returned it.
A had lent
B hadn't lent
2. If I____you, I____him. It's high time you_____his advice.
A were, would contact, would take
B were, would contact, took
3. If the computer crashes, ______someone from the IT department.
A youd call
B youll have to call
4. If she _____half an hour earlier, she____to see him before the departure. He
was eager to say good-bye to her.
A came, would be able
B had come, would have been able
5. You were not attentive. If you_____so nervous, you_____ much better and _______ so many mistakes.
A had not been, would have spoken, wouldn't have made
B were not, would speak, wouldn't make
6. We_____the train if we_____faster.
A would catch, had walked
B would have caught, had walked
8. But for your help we_____in time.
A hadn't finished
B would not have finished
Ex. Translate these sentences from English into Russian
1. A bank would not consider lending money to help start a business unless you could show it a detailed business plan.
2. Unless you have sufficient funds or family or friends who are willing and able to financially support your business, you will most likely need to obtain a business loan from a bank.
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3. If you are advertising your business through a website you must make sure it appears on a search engine, which can be achieved through the use of Google Ad Words.
4. We cant continue our research unless we get more finance.
5. Were it all true it would still not excuse their actions.
6. If everyone wanted to be an entrepreneur and succeeded, businesses would be on such a small scale that the nation would not prosper.
7. If you price under market, you will run into serious financial problems.
8. If we hadnt introduced technical innovationslast year? We wouldnt be competitive in the market now.
9. If he had failed to sign the contract, he would have lost his job.
10. Many people would have given up if they had faced similar difficulties.
.
1.
| (, ) | can be able to | , | I can read. He will be able to do it. | () . . |
| , ( ) | can, may | , | I can go there right now. I may walk about an hour, if the weather is fine. | . , . |
| may | You may go. | . | ||
| - | mustnt | , | You mustnttake guns to a plane. | . |
| ( ), | must, ought to | You musttake care of your parents. He ought to write to her. | . . | |
| ( ) | have to, have got to | , , | I have to get up at seven to come to the Institute in time. | 7 , . |
| , | should | . , | You shouldtake an umbrella, its going to rain. | , . |
| , | be to | , | She is to be here at seven p.m. She promised. | . . |
2.
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Past Participle (Participle II) | Translation |
| be become begin blow break bring build buy come catch choose cut do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forget get give go grow have hear hide hold keep know learn leave let lie lose make mean meet pay put read ring rise run say see sell send set shine show sing sit sleep smell speak spend stand strike swim take teach tell think understand wake wear weep win write | was, were became began blew broke brought built bought came caught chose cut did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard hid held kept knew learnt left let lay lost made meant met paid put read rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shone showed sang sat slept smelt spoke spent stood struck swam took taught told thought understood woke wore wept won wrote | been become begun blown broken brought built bought come caught chosen cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown had heard hidden held kept known learnt left let lain lost made meant met paid put read rung risen run said seen sold sent set shone shown sung sat slept smelt spoken spent stood struck swum taken taught told thought understood woken worn wept won written | () () ; ( ) () () , ; ( ) ; , ( ) |
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1) Business Grammar Builder / Paul Emerson. Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2002 272.
2) Collins Cobuild Students Grammar: Self-study edition with answer key. / Practice Material by Dave Willis. HarperCollins Publishers, 1991 263p.
3) Michael Swan. How English works: A grammar practice book. / Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford University Press, 1997 358.
4) The Language of Business English: reference and practice. / Nick Brieger and Simon Sweeny. Prentice Hall, 1998 250..
5) .. : . / .. , .. . - ., 2002 124.
6) .. : . / .., ... .: , 1985 175.
7) .. World of Work ( ): ./ .., .. , .. , .. . .: , 1999 542., 2000 423.
8) .. . . / ... /: , 2008. 347.
9) ... Modern English Grammar Practice: / .. .: , 2005. 352.
10) C .. : . . / ... ., 1999 350.
11) .. : . / ... .::-, 2006 217.
12) .. ( ): /.. , .. .; .. 2005 314.
13) -
14) :
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish;
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/,
3
1. Revision. Tenses. . 4
1.1. Active and Passive Voices
4
Practice 6
1. 2. Sequence of tenses. 10
Practice 13
2. Verbals. 18
2.1. The Infinitive. 18
2.2. 20
Practice 22
2.3. The Participle. 28
2.4. 30
Practice 32
2.5. The Gerund. 37
Practice 40
3.The English Sentence. 44
3.1. 44
Practice 47
3.2. Conditional sentences. 50
Practice 54
. 60
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