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2.1 . - . , , .. ( 19- 20 . .. , .. , . , 20 . ., .. , .. , .. ). , , - , ( ) ( ) , ( ) , .. . .. , . . , ( ). , , .. -. - .

2.2 ( ) , , , , :

1. ( ), ( , , ..). , , , , , (denotatum /ˌdi:nǝʊˈtɑ:tǝm/ sg, denotata pl), ( .. , referent /ˈref.ǝr.ǝnt/) , ( ) (denotative /dɪˈnǝʊ.tǝ.tɪv, ˈdi:.nǝʊ.teɪ.tɪv/ cognitive or referential /ˌref.ǝrˈen. t ʃǝl/ meaning). (-) .

, , , , , , . ( ) - , . (.. ) , , , . ( .. ), , , . , , , : , , . , , - , ( , , , , .. ( .. ).

2. , ( , ). , , , (), , . , (emotive), , . , , , (pragmatic meaning).

- , (American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed. defines the verb to denote as 2 to serve as a symbol or name for the meaning of; signify: LDOCE, 5th ed., 2009 gives the following example: What does the word curriculum denote that the word course does not? Here is the USAGE NOTE from AHD: Denote means to mark or signify directly; connote means to suggest or convey to the mind what is not explicit. In speaking of words and expressions, denote describes the relation between the expression and the thing it conventionally names, whereas connote describes the relation between the word and the images or associations it evokes. Thus the word Christmas denotes the holiday celebrated on December 25 and connotes turkey, mistletoe, and chestnuts roasting on an open fire. - Christmas . , , , , , , , ). , (emotiveness). .. , . , .. .. , , .. ( .: , 1998..7; . .1. .: , 2001. .7-10).

) . - (intralinguisic) , , .

, - . , , , , ( , , , ). .

. : , ( -) , , , , (, , ) .

2.3 .

, () . . , (.. ) - . AHD: - Christmas , 25 , , . Christmas , , ( traduttore traditore, .. ). (.. ) , , , , . , . , , . , , . , . , : ( ) , () .

 

1. ?

 

2. ?

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3. () ?

 

4. ,

? ()

?

5.

( )?

 

6. ? ()

() ?

 

 

3. () .

3.1. :

) (: Homer, Shakespeare - ; : Moscow, Poland .).

) : logarithm, hexahedron /ˌheksəˈhi:drən/, sodium /ˈsəʊdi.əm/, mammal /ˈmæməl/, vertebra /ˈvɜ:tɪbrə/, equator /ɪˈkweɪtər/ ..

) , : ( January, Monday), : thousand, million ..

. - : power , , (), , : 32 (three [raised] to the power two/second power).

chamber, compartment, cell, camera ( ), tube (), chest, barrel (), lining () .. : porcupine /ˈpɔ:kjəpaɪn/, flamingo; : tiger 1. () 2. , ; , , .. , ( - ), , (), - . -: binomial /baɪˈnəʊmi.əl/ polynomial /ˌpɒlɪ-/ , , ( ).

( ) / 2- : ,

lion, : 1. 2. , 3. . lions

(to see/show the lions OED, 2nd ed.: This use of the word is derived from the practice of taking visitors to see the lions which used to be kept in the Tower of London). (.. ).

3.2. ( ,

).

) ( ) , ( ), .., , , . character. () :

1. 2. , : He showed great character returning to the sport after his accident - /. 3. , , , -: buildings that are very simple in character - .

character, : 4. : an attack on his character 5. , : character a character reference (=a letter that a person who knows you well writes to an employer to tell them about your good qualities OALD, 8th ed., 2009). ( character, reference). 6. , , , : The modern hotels here have no real character.

7. , , ( ): There were some really strange

characters hanging around the bar. 8. , , :

a major/minor character in the book 9. , , , : Chinese characters; a line 30 characters long.

:

 

 

.

) , , . , table

( , - desk). (): : 1. , - . food, board, diet, cooking (food that has been prepared in a particular way, e.g. The restaurant offers traditional home cooking). 2. , : , (office, department). , table , , , , , .. house : the House of Windsor (Romanov). - : 1. , , home 2. , , - , : childrens home, orphanage. 3. firm, company 4. reformatory (AmE) or reform school 5. casino /kəˈsi:nəʊ/ (gambling-house) 6. lunatic asylum /ˈlu:nətɪk əˌsaɪləm/. house , : 1. the House of Commons 2. , , ; , (a) full house.

( ) (ˈoverlap, intersection):

 



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