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, , , . , .

: ( ), ; ( , ) . , , . - , .

, -. ( ) .

. , , , Shakespeare - : ( /, , ), , ( , ). .

, , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , . . , , . , , , , .


Bank of London

Minnesota

Wall Street Journal

Detroit Red Wings empom

Beatles

the Capitol

Metropolitan , ..


, :

Florida ( ) -- ( )

Washington ( ) -- ( ).

, , , , , :

Subaru Cypy

ford Mustang

Facts On File

New Press Quarterly

Novaya Gazeta.

, , :

Westren Michigan University -

Cherry Hill High School

: ; . , Genghis Khan (: Jenghiz) ; B eijing, Bel-shaz-zar ( ); Thebes , , Amenophis IV (Ikhnaton) , . , .

,

, :

head of the government

Supreme Court

mixed laws

non-confidence vote . .

, - , , , , , , , .

:

White House

Over the Cuckoo's Nest " ",

Security Council

ouse of Representatives

the Fruits of the Enlightenment

, , , : :

the period of unrest the Time of Trouble

- the Mongol invasion the Tartar conquest

:

the Great Split; the Great Schism; the Great Change.

, , . , :

the Rocky Mountains

the Salt Lake

the Indian Ocean

Ivory Coast .

, - , , , :

Gulf of Mexico

River Thames

the Pacific Ocean

Hilton Hotel

Mayflower Restaurant

River Dart .

, , , - , , . :

- -, () , - (, , , , , , ).

- -, , , , , , , . , , , .

, (. ).

.. , , , , , : . , . , . , . , . , . , urn. , . . [7].

1. - :

Eugene Garside Edward Westbury

Sophie Wilkins ub Herbert

Graham Hancock Katharine Woolley

James Dylan Giles G. Stephens

Marion Edmonds William Cathcart

Howard Carter H. J. Plenderleith

2. - :


1. Euclid

2. Calvary

3. Trinity

4. Pharaoh

5. Pharisee

6. Armageddon

7. Tutankhamen

8. Arabian Nights

9. Euripides

10. Corinth

11. Harun al-Rashid

12. Phidias

13. Nazareth

14. Pyramid of Cheops

15. Menelaus


 

3. - :

The Herald Tribune Journal of Psychology

Finance and Development Business Central Europe

Political Affairs The Observer

The Independent Automotive World

4. - :


General Motors Corporation

The World Health Organization

Chase Manhattan Corporation

British Petroleum Company

The UN General Assembly

General Electric

Ford Union

Labour Party

Scotland Yard

Foreign Office

Intelligence Service

The House of Commons

Random House of Canada Limited

Dell Publishing Co., Inc.

United States Environmental Protection Agency


 

5. - :

Milwaukee Freetown St. Lawrence River

Dorsetshire South Carolina Sutherland

New Jersey Hudson Bay Greenwich

Nova Scotia New Brunswick North Yorkshire

Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea Delaware

Ulster Cardiff Pacific Grove

Wyoming Hampton Court Easter Island

Halifax New Hampshire Rode Island

Iowa Utah Birmingham

Bath Pebble Beach Ivory Coast

The Grand Canyon River Dart

Devonshire North Carolina

Salt Lake City Cornwall

British Columbia Ocean-city

Texas Grosvenor Square

Mount Rainier Kentucky

6. - :

Regent Street Trafalgar Square Wellington Terrace

The Strand Pall Mall Charing Cross Rd.

Lincoln Square Taft Avenue East Lake Drive

Cromwell Road Cherry Lane Fleet Street

Thayer StreetSloane Square

Wigmore Street Whitehall

7. - :

Heathrow Gatwick

Newark J.F. Kennedy Int'l

Waterloo Station Paddington

Union Station Euston

8. , . , .

When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Hitler's orders were to obliterate every trace of Russian culture. German armies systematically torched and pillaged museums, libraries, and other artistic treasures. During the nine-hundred-day siege of Leningrad, the Nazis used Pavlovsk as a military headquarters. They looted and destroyed whatever they found, cut down seventy thousand trees in the park, and, when they were forced to retreat, burned the palace beyond recognition. But just before the siege, the Russians managed to evacuate thousands of objects d'art paintings, rare furniture, clocks, porcelain, chandeliers and hide them in Leningrad and Siberia. Barely recovered from the horrors of the siege, and while the war was still being waged, a group of dedicated museum specialists, helped by thousands of citizens, determined to restore Pavlovsk to its original splendour. Scores of young Russians were recruited to learn and re-create the eighteenth-century craftsmanship found in every aspect of Pavlovsk's interior.

 

 

(, , )

, . . , - , - .

, .

. .

, : e.g. - for example (Latin exampli gratia), a.m. - in the morning (ante meridiem), No - number (numero), p.a. - a year (per annum), d - penny (dinarius), lb - pound (libra), i.e. - that is (id est) etc. , , .

: p.m. - in the afternoon (post meridiem) after death (post mortem).

. :

a) e.g. Mon - Monday, Tue - Tuesday etc

b) e.g. Apr - April, Aug - August etc.

c) , e.g. Yorks - Yorkshire, Berks -Berkshire etc

d) , e.g. Ala - Alabama, Alas - Alaska etc.

e) , e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr. etc.

f) , e.g. capt. -captain, col. - colonel, sgt - sergeant etc.

g) , e.g. B.A. - Bachelor of Arts, D.M. - Doctor of Medicine.

h) , , , e.g. f. / ft -foot/feet, sec. - second, in. -inch, mg. milligram, etc.

i) , e.g. ctr (centre); fwd (forward); jr (junior); shtg (shortage); rqs (requirements); ppd (prepaid), etc.

: m male, married, masculine, metre, mile, million, minute, l.p. long-playing, low pressure.

, .

:

a) - , UK, BUP, CND etc

b) - , UNESCO, NATO etc.

CLASS (Computor-based Laboratory for Automated School System). .

, e.g. ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States) ; SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) , - .

(S.W.I.F.T.) - The Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications.

, : to TCB (U.S.) - ( take'care of business).

. , , . , , :

- Balance of Payments ( )

CCFF - Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility ( , )

CPI - Consumer Price Index ( , )

EFTA - European Free Trade Association ( , )

SDR - Special Drawing Rights ( )

SNA - System of National Accounts ( , )

VAT - Value Added Tax ( , )

VER - Voluntary Export Restraints ( )

: . , 1998.

, , :

a) e.g. AWALism, ex-rafer, ex- POW, to waafize, AIDSophobia etc.

b) e.g. to raff, to fly IFR (Instrument Flight Rules),

c) e.g. STOLport, USAFman etc.

d) e.g. A-bomb, U-pronunciation, V-day, Three-Ds (Three dimensions) , E-mail (Electronic mail), M-way (Motorway), X-rays, H-bomb (Hydrogene bomb), etc.

. - :

T-shirt -

U-turn - 180 , U

Y-intersection - Y

, : PR (public relations) - .

., , , (), , .

, scuba (, , ) - self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. SARS - severe acute respiratory syndrome (, ). ( radar ) - radio detecting and ranging. , - : ( laser - light amplification [by] stimulated emission [of] radiation).

. , .

. - smog = smoke + fog.

- Benelux () Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg Hi-Fi (-) High Fidelity.

80- mesoeconomic () medium-sized economic, macroeconomic microeconomic. promo-tools promotional tools ( , ). , : showbiz show business ( ).

, , stagflation. stagn ation(, ) infl ation ().

infomercial. information () commercial (). a short film produced by an advertiser giving information about goods which it has for sale, to be shown on television.

, . , : laboratory lab.

, : e.g. mike (microphone), Coke (coca-cola), fax (facsimile), teck (technical college), trank (tranquilizer) etc.

, , , (informal style):


IOU -I owe you

U2 - you too

R -are

4U - for you

8 -ate

2B - to be

YU? - why you?

B4 - before

Ul - you won

B2B - business to business

B4U - before you

ICQ -I seek you

4X - forex (foreign exchange)

B&B - bed and breakfast


, :

1) ,

2) , , .

. UNO ; FBI -

, -. TV , B.A. Bachelor of Arts (Science) () , .. Master of Arts

/ . - --; INTERPOL , FIAT - , UNESCO -

, .

e.g. (exempli gratia) for instance, for example i.e. (id est) that is A.D. (Anno Domini) in the year of our Lord B.C. before Christ

1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) (). - ; - ; - ; - ; .

1.

) :

AD, a.i., cca, f.v., e.c., e.g., ed. seq., id., l.b.s., l.c., nl., N.B., pp, op., q.v., s.n., vs., v.s., v.v., BID.

) :

Acct, anon, auth, approx, Corp, demo, dupl., genl, govt, junc, Ldn, Mar, mo, ntp, pet, Xmas.

) (. 4):

UN, WTO, IMF, OECD, IEA, NEA, DAC, WB, UNESCO, WHO, OAS, CBSS, OPEC, IPU;

IOM, ICPO INTERPOL, ICSTI, JINR, NATO, OPCW, EU, EFTA, CIS, WEU; CoE, ECRI, EPO, ESA, EBRD, EUROCONTROL.

 

2. :

- ex-rafer, ex- POW, to waafize, AIDSophobia.

- to fly IFR (Instrument Flight Rules).

- STOLport, USAFman.

- A-bomb, H-bomb, U-pronunciation, V-day, Three -Ds.

 

3. , :

- comfy, dilly, mizzy, disco, expo, intro, combo, Afro, chute, varsity, copter, thuse, mart, fanzine, maths, tec, van, mike, Coke, fax, teck, trank.

- acromania, cinemadict, dramedy, detectifiction, faction, informecial, Medicare, magalog, slimnastics, sociolite, slanguist.

4. .

1. The play was one of the best that has appeared either on BBC or commercial television, despite the intrusion of the ads.

2. She waited in the VIP lounge.

3. His father sent him to prep school.

4. Health education policy in the UK differs from that of the US.

5. Lads demobbed recently told me that their first wish was to get back to work.

6. "Come and sit down," she cried dragging her big chair up to the fire, "in this comfy chair."

7. In November 1993 the official title of the EC was changed into EU as a result of ratification of the treaty by member states parliament.

8. The EU long ago was known as the European Communities, in the plural. It began as three legally distinct but related organizations: The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and The European Economic Community (EEC).

( , ) .

" " . , (, ) (, ), , , , , .

, , . . .

(, )

, , , ,

- ian; - ation:

ballistician ( musician, physician);

commodification , ( simplification).

-ship

brinkmanship

craftsmanship

showmanship ;

- dom

bangdom

bogdom

suckerdom

- ize

itemize

institutionalize

unionize

- , ,

detainee ()

parolee

retiree

- nik , , -.

filmnik

goodwillnik

no-goodnik

- man

Outdoorsman

Alphaman , (, , )

-in teach-in: live-in, eat-in, in - language. . .

teach-in ( )

pray-in

sit-in (. )

sitters-in

, .

buy-in

apply-in

, , , , .

.

re - .

rethinking

retraining ,

reimposition (-)

de - .

Destabilize

demilitarize

denazify

denuclearise

deescalation

deflation

: inflation reflation

mini-, midi-, maxi-: miniboom, minicomputer, maxicoat, maxidress;

, :

laptop (notebook) ( , )

shut-down , ()

brain-drain

has-been ,

. Watergate, gate , , .

Watergate

Lockheed-gate , ""

Reagangate, debategate, briefinggate , . . . Winegate, Koreagate, Monicagate.





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