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Bank of London
Minnesota
Wall Street Journal
Detroit Red Wings empom
Beatles
the Capitol
Metropolitan , ..
, :
Florida ( ) -- ( )
Washington ( ) -- ( ).
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, , , , , :
Subaru Cypy
ford Mustang
Facts On File
New Press Quarterly
Novaya Gazeta.
, , :
Westren Michigan University -
Cherry Hill High School
: ; . , Genghis Khan (: Jenghiz) ; B eijing, Bel-shaz-zar ( ); Thebes , , Amenophis IV (Ikhnaton) , . , .
,
, :
head of the government
Supreme Court
mixed laws
non-confidence vote . .
, - , , , , , , , .
:
White House
Over the Cuckoo's Nest " ",
Security Council
ouse of Representatives
the Fruits of the Enlightenment
, , , : :
the period of unrest the Time of Trouble
- the Mongol invasion the Tartar conquest
:
the Great Split; the Great Schism; the Great Change.
, , . , :
the Rocky Mountains
the Salt Lake
the Indian Ocean
Ivory Coast .
, - , , , :
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Gulf of Mexico
River Thames
the Pacific Ocean
Hilton Hotel
Mayflower Restaurant
River Dart .
, , , - , , . :
- -, () , - (, , , , , , ).
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.. , , , , , : . , . , . , . , . , . , urn. , . . [7].
1. - :
Eugene Garside Edward Westbury
Sophie Wilkins ub Herbert
Graham Hancock Katharine Woolley
James Dylan Giles G. Stephens
Marion Edmonds William Cathcart
Howard Carter H. J. Plenderleith
2. - :
1. Euclid
2. Calvary
3. Trinity
4. Pharaoh
5. Pharisee
6. Armageddon
7. Tutankhamen
8. Arabian Nights
9. Euripides
10. Corinth
11. Harun al-Rashid
12. Phidias
13. Nazareth
14. Pyramid of Cheops
15. Menelaus
3. - :
The Herald Tribune Journal of Psychology
Finance and Development Business Central Europe
Political Affairs The Observer
The Independent Automotive World
4. - :
General Motors Corporation
The World Health Organization
Chase Manhattan Corporation
British Petroleum Company
The UN General Assembly
General Electric
Ford Union
Labour Party
Scotland Yard
Foreign Office
Intelligence Service
The House of Commons
Random House of Canada Limited
Dell Publishing Co., Inc.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
5. - :
Milwaukee Freetown St. Lawrence River
Dorsetshire South Carolina Sutherland
New Jersey Hudson Bay Greenwich
Nova Scotia New Brunswick North Yorkshire
Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea Delaware
Ulster Cardiff Pacific Grove
Wyoming Hampton Court Easter Island
Halifax New Hampshire Rode Island
Iowa Utah Birmingham
Bath Pebble Beach Ivory Coast
The Grand Canyon River Dart
Devonshire North Carolina
Salt Lake City Cornwall
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British Columbia Ocean-city
Texas Grosvenor Square
Mount Rainier Kentucky
6. - :
Regent Street Trafalgar Square Wellington Terrace
The Strand Pall Mall Charing Cross Rd.
Lincoln Square Taft Avenue East Lake Drive
Cromwell Road Cherry Lane Fleet Street
Thayer StreetSloane Square
Wigmore Street Whitehall
7. - :
Heathrow Gatwick
Newark J.F. Kennedy Int'l
Waterloo Station Paddington
Union Station Euston
8. , . , .
When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Hitler's orders were to obliterate every trace of Russian culture. German armies systematically torched and pillaged museums, libraries, and other artistic treasures. During the nine-hundred-day siege of Leningrad, the Nazis used Pavlovsk as a military headquarters. They looted and destroyed whatever they found, cut down seventy thousand trees in the park, and, when they were forced to retreat, burned the palace beyond recognition. But just before the siege, the Russians managed to evacuate thousands of objects d'art paintings, rare furniture, clocks, porcelain, chandeliers and hide them in Leningrad and Siberia. Barely recovered from the horrors of the siege, and while the war was still being waged, a group of dedicated museum specialists, helped by thousands of citizens, determined to restore Pavlovsk to its original splendour. Scores of young Russians were recruited to learn and re-create the eighteenth-century craftsmanship found in every aspect of Pavlovsk's interior.
(, , )
, . . , - , - .
, .
. .
, : e.g. - for example (Latin exampli gratia), a.m. - in the morning (ante meridiem), No - number (numero), p.a. - a year (per annum), d - penny (dinarius), lb - pound (libra), i.e. - that is (id est) etc. , , .
: p.m. - in the afternoon (post meridiem) after death (post mortem).
. :
a) e.g. Mon - Monday, Tue - Tuesday etc
b) e.g. Apr - April, Aug - August etc.
c) , e.g. Yorks - Yorkshire, Berks -Berkshire etc
d) , e.g. Ala - Alabama, Alas - Alaska etc.
e) , e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr. etc.
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f) , e.g. capt. -captain, col. - colonel, sgt - sergeant etc.
g) , e.g. B.A. - Bachelor of Arts, D.M. - Doctor of Medicine.
h) , , , e.g. f. / ft -foot/feet, sec. - second, in. -inch, mg. milligram, etc.
i) , e.g. ctr (centre); fwd (forward); jr (junior); shtg (shortage); rqs (requirements); ppd (prepaid), etc.
: m male, married, masculine, metre, mile, million, minute, l.p. long-playing, low pressure.
, .
:
a) - , UK, BUP, CND etc
b) - , UNESCO, NATO etc.
CLASS (Computor-based Laboratory for Automated School System). .
, e.g. ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States) ; SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) , - .
(S.W.I.F.T.) - The Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications.
, : to TCB (U.S.) - ( take'care of business).
. , , . , , :
- Balance of Payments ( )
CCFF - Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility ( , )
CPI - Consumer Price Index ( , )
EFTA - European Free Trade Association ( , )
SDR - Special Drawing Rights ( )
SNA - System of National Accounts ( , )
VAT - Value Added Tax ( , )
VER - Voluntary Export Restraints ( )
: . , 1998.
, , :
a) e.g. AWALism, ex-rafer, ex- POW, to waafize, AIDSophobia etc.
b) e.g. to raff, to fly IFR (Instrument Flight Rules),
c) e.g. STOLport, USAFman etc.
d) e.g. A-bomb, U-pronunciation, V-day, Three-Ds (Three dimensions) , E-mail (Electronic mail), M-way (Motorway), X-rays, H-bomb (Hydrogene bomb), etc.
. - :
T-shirt -
U-turn - 180 , U
Y-intersection - Y
, : PR (public relations) - .
., , , (), , .
, scuba (, , ) - self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. SARS - severe acute respiratory syndrome (, ). ( radar ) - radio detecting and ranging. , - : ( laser - light amplification [by] stimulated emission [of] radiation).
. , .
. - smog = smoke + fog.
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- Benelux () Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg Hi-Fi (-) High Fidelity.
80- mesoeconomic () medium-sized economic, macroeconomic microeconomic. promo-tools promotional tools ( , ). , : showbiz show business ( ).
, , stagflation. stagn ation(, ) infl ation ().
infomercial. information () commercial (). a short film produced by an advertiser giving information about goods which it has for sale, to be shown on television.
, . , : laboratory lab.
, : e.g. mike (microphone), Coke (coca-cola), fax (facsimile), teck (technical college), trank (tranquilizer) etc.
, , , (informal style):
IOU -I owe you
U2 - you too
R -are
4U - for you
8 -ate
2B - to be
YU? - why you?
B4 - before
Ul - you won
B2B - business to business
B4U - before you
ICQ -I seek you
4X - forex (foreign exchange)
B&B - bed and breakfast
, :
1) ,
2) , , .
. UNO ; FBI -
, -. TV , B.A. Bachelor of Arts (Science) () , .. Master of Arts
/ . - --; INTERPOL , FIAT - , UNESCO -
, .
e.g. (exempli gratia) for instance, for example i.e. (id est) that is A.D. (Anno Domini) in the year of our Lord B.C. before Christ
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) (). - ; - ; - ; - ; .
1.
) :
AD, a.i., cca, f.v., e.c., e.g., ed. seq., id., l.b.s., l.c., nl., N.B., pp, op., q.v., s.n., vs., v.s., v.v., BID.
) :
Acct, anon, auth, approx, Corp, demo, dupl., genl, govt, junc, Ldn, Mar, mo, ntp, pet, Xmas.
) (. 4):
UN, WTO, IMF, OECD, IEA, NEA, DAC, WB, UNESCO, WHO, OAS, CBSS, OPEC, IPU;
IOM, ICPO INTERPOL, ICSTI, JINR, NATO, OPCW, EU, EFTA, CIS, WEU; CoE, ECRI, EPO, ESA, EBRD, EUROCONTROL.
2. :
- ex-rafer, ex- POW, to waafize, AIDSophobia.
- to fly IFR (Instrument Flight Rules).
- STOLport, USAFman.
- A-bomb, H-bomb, U-pronunciation, V-day, Three -Ds.
3. , :
- comfy, dilly, mizzy, disco, expo, intro, combo, Afro, chute, varsity, copter, thuse, mart, fanzine, maths, tec, van, mike, Coke, fax, teck, trank.
- acromania, cinemadict, dramedy, detectifiction, faction, informecial, Medicare, magalog, slimnastics, sociolite, slanguist.
4. .
1. The play was one of the best that has appeared either on BBC or commercial television, despite the intrusion of the ads.
2. She waited in the VIP lounge.
3. His father sent him to prep school.
4. Health education policy in the UK differs from that of the US.
5. Lads demobbed recently told me that their first wish was to get back to work.
6. "Come and sit down," she cried dragging her big chair up to the fire, "in this comfy chair."
7. In November 1993 the official title of the EC was changed into EU as a result of ratification of the treaty by member states parliament.
8. The EU long ago was known as the European Communities, in the plural. It began as three legally distinct but related organizations: The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and The European Economic Community (EEC).
( , ) .
" " . , (, ) (, ), , , , , .
, , . . .
(, )
, , , ,
- ian; - ation:
ballistician ( musician, physician);
commodification , ( simplification).
-ship
brinkmanship
craftsmanship
showmanship ;
- dom
bangdom
bogdom
suckerdom
- ize
itemize
institutionalize
unionize
- , ,
detainee ()
parolee
retiree
- nik , , -.
filmnik
goodwillnik
no-goodnik
- man
Outdoorsman
Alphaman , (, , )
-in teach-in: live-in, eat-in, in - language. . .
teach-in ( )
pray-in
sit-in (. )
sitters-in
, .
buy-in
apply-in
, , , , .
.
re - .
rethinking
retraining ,
reimposition (-)
de - .
Destabilize
demilitarize
denazify
denuclearise
deescalation
deflation
: inflation reflation
mini-, midi-, maxi-: miniboom, minicomputer, maxicoat, maxidress;
, :
laptop (notebook) ( , )
shut-down , ()
brain-drain
has-been ,
. Watergate, gate , , .
Watergate
Lockheed-gate , ""
Reagangate, debategate, briefinggate , . . . Winegate, Koreagate, Monicagate.