50- , .
- , , . . , .
, : I) ,
18 .. .
158 ________________
; 2) , ; 3) , . ( ) , . ~ .
, " ",
:
, ;
; , , ;
i ; ; - ;
- , ; ; , ;
~ ; " " " " , , , ; ; - , ;
; ; ; ;
,
.. ____________________________________159
; , ; , - ; ; .
|
|
? , , , "" "". :
: " ", , ... . , . , , , .... . , , ~ .
(_5).
, . : ! (. 6).
, , , ( ):
, , , , 1991 .;
, ~ .
160 ________________
, , " " ~ .. ...
, , . "" ""; , , , , . , "": "" ( ); , . , , , .
; , . .
|
|
. . // . 1996. N 2. . 73-85.
. . // .
. ., . . . . .: , 1991.
.., .. . .: , 1994.
, . , // .
.. _____________________________ 161
. // . .: , 1990. . 46.
.., .., .., .. . . .: "", 1995.
15
., , .
- . . , , . , . 1957 1985 . 4 . 90- . .
: , , - .
, 60- 70- ., : , , , (Geen & Thomas, 1986). , .. . , , , (, ). ,
19 Research Support Scheme of the Open Society Institute/Higher Education Support Programme, N462/1996.
.- 163
( ) . .
70- . . - , . (Lefkowitz, et al., 1977; Singer et al., 1984). 8- (Lefkowitz, et al. 1977). , , 30- 8- (Huesraann et al., 1984).
, , . , (Milavsky et al., 1982), , (Feshbach & Singer, 1971).
|
|
, (, , , ), , (Media..., 1994). , .
. , , , -. , , , (Huesmann, 1986).
164
, , , . . , ( ), .
: , , (Huesmann, 1986). . , , , , [Fenigstein, 1979]. : (Media..., 1994).
"-" , . :
(, , .). . , , . 8 12 . , .
, . - , . , , .
.. ___________________________________ 165
. , ,
.
, ( , ). , , , ; - , , . , .
|
|
( , ). . , .
, - , - , - , (Phillips, 1986). , . : , ( 3-4 ) , , , .
, ().
. (Bandura, 1973). , .
166 ______________
, , . , , (Singer et al., 1984).
, , , (Joy, et al., 1986). , , , .
. , , , , (Drabraan & Thomas, 1977).
. , , , , (Zillmann & Bryant, 1985). , , (, 1982). .. .
. , (1973) , . , , , .
( ) .
.. ___________________________ 167
. , , , , . . , , (Cheney, 1983) , , , , . " ", (, ).
|
|
. . (1980), , , , , , (Berkowitz, 1989). . , , , , , .
, (Berkowitz, 1989). , "" , : , , . , , . (" "). ,
168 ______________
"" (Berkowhz, 1989).
(Berkowitz, 1989). , , , , , , (Bushman & Geen, 1990).
. "" , . , . (Huesmann, 1986). - .
, (Abelson, 1976). , : - . - , , , . , . , , . ,
, . , . (Huesmann, 1986).
. . , , , .
.. ___________________________________169
, , (Huesmann, 1986).
, , , , . ; ,. , . , . .
, , , , .
, , , . , , , .
Abelson, R.P. (1976). Script processing in attitude formation and decision making. In J.S.CarroU & J.W.Payne (Eds.), Cognition and social behavior (pp.33-45). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Berkowitz, L. (1989) The frustration-aggression hypothesis: An examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 410427.
170 ______________
Bushman, B.J. & Geen, R.G. (1990). Role cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40,687-700.
Cheney, G.A. (1983). Television in American society. New York: F. Watts.
Drabman, R.S, Thomas, M.N. (1977). Children's imitation of aggression and prosocial behavior when viewing alone and in pairs. Journal of Communication, 27(3), 199-205.
Eron, L.D. (1982). Parent-child interaction, television violence, and aggression of children. American Psychologist, 37(2), 197-211.
Fenigstein, A. (1979). Does aggression cause a preference for viewing media violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37,2307-2317.
Feshbach S., Singer R.D. Television and aggression. San Francisco, 1971.
Geen R.G., & Thomas, S.L. (1986). The immediate effects of media violence on behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 42,7-27.
Huesmann, L.R. (1986). Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. Journal of Social Issues, 42,125-139.
Huesmann, L.R., Eron, L.D., Lefkowitz, M.M., & Walder, L.O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20,1120-1134.
Joy, L.A., KimbaU, M.M., Zadrack, M.L. (1986). Television and children's aggressive behavior. In T.M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television (pp. 303-360). Orlando, Fl: Academic Press.
Lefkowitz M.L. Eron, L.D., Walder, L.O., Huesmann, L.R. (1977). Growing up to be violent. New York: Pergamon.
Media, children, and the family. (1994). (Eds.) D.ZiUmann, J.Bryant, A.C.Huston. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Milavsky J.R, Stipp, H.H., Kessler, R.C., & Rubens, W.S. (1982). Television and aggression: A panel study. New York: Academic Press.
Milgram, S., Shotland, R.L. (1973). Television and antisocial behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Phillips D.P. (1986). Natural experiments on the effects of mass media violence on fatal aggression. In L.Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, 207-250). New York: Academic Press.
.. ____________________________ 171
Singer, J.L., Singer D.G., Rapacynski, W.S. (1984). Family patterns and television viewing as predictors of children's beliefs and aggression. Journal of Communication, 34, 73-89.
Zillmarm, D., Bryant, J. (1985a). Selective-exposure phenomena. In D. Zillmann, J.Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 1-10). Hillsdale, N.Y: Lawrenc Erlbaum Associates.
...
() () [3, 4, 10, 13]. [3, 4, 13, 16]. , . , , - , . , [4, 5, 14].
, , , , , , , [1,6,8, 11].
, -, , . -, , , , - . . "" , , , ( , ) , ..
, , - . [21, 22]. , -