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, , .

(C-O, C-N, C-Cl) (C=C, C=C-C=C, C=O ..), .

- 2--2-. :(CH3)3C-Cl + H2O (CH3)3C-OH + HCl

- . , , .

:- ;- , .

. , , .

, , . , , CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO - CH3COO, - . , (.. , ) .

(). , CaSO4 , (K2SO4), SO42 ( CaSO4). , [Ca2+] [SO42] , .. .

: . , , , : CH3COONa + HCl = CH3COOH + NaCl

- , , : CH3COO + Na+ + H+ + Cl = CH3COOH + Na+ + Cl : CH3COO + H+ = CH3COOH. . : FeSO4 + 2 NaOH = Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2

 





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