́ ́ ́ + OH− , . , , :
H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH− H2O ↔ H+ + OH−
. :
:
[H+] ();
[OH−] -;
[H2O] ( ) ;
, , (1000 /)/(18 /) = 55,56 /.
25 C 1,810−16/. (1) : K[H2O] = K = 1,810−16 /55,56 / = 10−14/ = [H+][OH−] ( 25 C).
K, -, . , . C , , K, .
, () ( [H+] [OH−]) [OH−] [H+]. , , (pH) (pOH).
K , ( H+), - OH− . [H+] = [OH−] = /. [H+] > 10−7 / (, [OH−] < 10−7 /) ; [OH−] > 10−7 / (, [H+] < 10−7 /) .
.
:
2 + + -, :22 3+ + -
25 : , 55,55 / ( 1000 /, 1 1000 , 1000:18/=55,55 , =55,55 : 1 = 55,55 /).
(25), KW:
, - , 100 10-13.
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25 :
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 / , , . , , 10-7 /, , , 10-14. . , , , . , [H+] = 10-3 /, [OH-] = KW/[H+] = 10-14/10-3 = 10-11 /, , [OH-] = 10-2 /, [H+] = KW/[OH-] = 10-14/10-2 = 10-12 /. , .
, . : = - lg[H+]
: = - lg[OH-]
, , + = 14
7 - , 7 - , , . p 7 , , . , , -. - .
, , , - . .
, - , . , - -. . , , -. , .