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The tasks solved in logistics are divided into three groups: global; general and private.
Global (main) task in logistics is achievement of the maximum effect with a minimum of expenses in the conditions of an unstable situation in the market. Modeling of logistic systems and conditions of their reliable functioning refer to global tasks.
The general problems of logistics treat: creation of the integrated system of regulation of material and information streams; control of movement of material streams; definition of strategy and technology of physical moving of the goods; development of ways of management of the goods; standardization of semi-finished products and packing; forecasting of volume of production, transportations, warehousings; detection of imbalance between requirements and purchase and production possibilities; forecasting of demand for the goods made and moved within logistic system; distribution of vehicles; organization of a preselling and aftersales service of consumers; optimization of technical and technological structures of the automated transport and warehouse complexes.
Private tasks in logistics are narrower: creation of minimum stocks; maximum reduction of a storage time of production in stocks; reduction of time of transportations of production etc.
2. Logistic system, logistic links, logistic chain
Association of logistic operations in logistic functions first of all depends on a type of logistic system, i.e. on a set of functional subsystems in concrete logistic system. Therefore one of the most important concepts of logistics is the concept of logistic system.
The Logistic System (Ls) - the difficult organizational and complete (structured) economic system which consists of the elements links (subsystems) interconnected in uniform management process by material and accompanying streams, and problems of functioning of these links are integrated by the internal purposes of the organization of business and (or) the external purposes.
Possibility of planning of various operations and carrying out the analysis of levels of elements of logistic system predetermined its division on macro - and micrologistics.
The macrologistics resolves the issues connected with the analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, development of the general concept of purchases and distributions. The objects supervised by macrologistics, legally independent enterprises are.
3. The problem of a choice of a type of transport is solved in an interconnection with other problems of logistics, such, as creation and maintenance of an optimum level of stocks, a choice of a type of packaging, etc. Basis of a choice of a type of transport, optimum for concrete transportation, information on characteristics of different types of transport serves.
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Let's consider the main advantages and the shortcomings of motor, railway, water and air transport essential from the point of view of logistics.
Motor transport. One of the main advantages - high maneuverability. By means of the motor transport freight can be delivered "from doors to doors" with necessary degree of urgency. This type of transport provides a delivery regularity. Here, in comparison with other types, less rigid demands are made to goods packing.
Railway transport. This of a pitchfork of transport is well adapted for transportation of various parties of freights under any weather conditions. The railway transport provides possibility of delivery of freight on long distances, a regularity of transportations. Here it is possible to organize performance of loading and unloading works effectively.
Sea transport. Is the largest carrier in international transport. Its main advantages low freight rates and high carrying ability.
To shortcomings of sea transport carry its low speed, rigid requirements to packing and fastening of freights, small frequency of sendings.
Air transport. The main advantages - the speed and possibility of achievement of the remote areas. To shortcomings carry high freight rates and dependence on meteoconditions which reduces reliability of observance of the schedule of delivery.
