..
, , , ; 1948; , .. (, , ..). . , . , , - . . , , ; . . , - . . ; . , . , ; .
. . . . ; , , - .
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.. (1935): . , , . . . , , . , - -. , , . .. , : , . ( , .. , .) . . , ..; , , - - ( ).
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.., . .
(.) , . , . , . , - , - . ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ., , , , , , . . . , , , . . , , () (). , , . .
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. , , . . , .. . , , . . .
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. .
(. intelligentia, intellegentia -, , ; intelligens, intellegens , , , ) () , ( ) . , , ( , 19 .) , ., -; ; , , , , . .. ( , -. ). . : , .. , , . . , : , , , , , , .
. , . . (., ., . .) 19 . . . ( ) . intellectuels (), . (., ) , -. . . (intelli-gentiels, intelligence), . . ., . . . 18 . . . . intelligentia ; . . - .. (1819) . . , . . 1850-60- . .. , .. , . .. , . .. .
, - : 1920- . .. . -. . , (1927), - , : , , , .. , . . , , ( .. . . . ., 1995. . 22). .. . (., , ). (. . . ., 1969), . .: . , , , . , - , . , . ( , , , .) , .
.., . , , , . , . -. () . ( ) . , . - , , , , , , , , . ( ) , , .
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, . . , - , , , , , . . , . . . , , ( ). . . ( , ..
? , .. rendezvous ?, . . . ), . , , , . . ., .
. . , . , , , , .., ( , : . , ). . . , , , . , ., . - : , ( ) , , , () . . -. -, : -, , . , . , . .
, , . , , .. (1866), - ( 1904 1909). , 1875 . : , . ( ) , , . . , , . .. , . .. 1836 ( : ... . .. 1827-1840 . // . ., 1994. 32. . 46). , . : 1) ; 2) . ; 3) , .. (.: , , : . ., 1996. . 412-413). .., . . - 1830- . . 1860- . -.
, , , . , , , . , ( 1860- .), . - , , , . ( ), , - , - , , , ( .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .). . . , . . , ., , , . . ., . , .
, .., , - . , , ., ( , . , - . ), ( , , , -. -) ( , ). .
- - ( ) -, ( , .. , -), - -. , . . ., . , , , . . . , , , , , -.
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