, . . . .
Antec, Chieftec, Codegen, Enermax, FSP, HEC, Inwin, LinkWorld, Lokur, PowerMan, PowerMaster .
2.3.
, - , , , . , , (BIOS), , ( chipset), , , (, , ). .
, . IBM- 1 .
2.4.
IBM PC Intel AMD. VIA Transmeta. ( , ) , : Intel Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, Xeon, AMD Athlon-MP Optegon. Intel 8086 Cyrix, IBM, UMC, IDT, SGS-Thomson, Texas Instruments, NEC, NexGen, Chip&Technologies (C&P), Harris Semiconductor, Siemens .
2.2 8086, IBM- . .
2.2
8086
- | |
Intel | i8086, i8088, i80186, i80188, i80286 |
i80386 (SX, DX, SL, CX, EX) | |
i80486 (SX, SL, SXL, SX2, DX, DXL, DX2, DX4) | |
Pentium (P5, P54C, P54M), Pentium MMX (P55C), Pentium OverDrive, | |
Pentium Pro (P6, P6L, P6T) | |
Pentium II (Klamath, Deshutes), Pentium II OverDrive | |
Pentium III (Katmai, Coppermain, Tualatin) | |
Pentium II Xeon (Dixon), Pentium III Xeon (Tanner, Cascades) | |
Celeron (Covington, Mendocino, Coppermain-128, Tualatin) | |
Pentium 4 (Willamette, Northwood, Prescott), Pentium XE, Pentium D | |
Xeon (Foster, Prestonia, Nocona), Xeon MP (Foster MP, Gallatin, Potomac) | |
Celeron (Willamette, Northwood, Prescott), Celeron D | |
Pentium 4M, Pentium M (Banias, Dothan), Celeron M | |
AMD | Am8086, Am8088, Am80186, Am80188, Am80286, Am80C286 |
Am386 (SX, SXL, SXLV, DX, DXL, DXLV) | |
Am486 (SX, SXLV, SX2, DX, DXL, DXLV, DX2, DXL2, DX4), Am5x86 | |
K5 (SSA5, 5k86), K6, K6-2 (Chomper), K6-2+, K6-III (Sharptooth), K6-III+ | |
Athlon (Argon, K7, K75, Pluto, Orion, Thunderbird) | |
Athlon XP (Palomino, Thoroughbred-A, Thoroughbred-B, Barton, Thorton) | |
Athlon 4, Athlon MP | |
Duron (Spitfire, Morgan, Applebred) | |
Athlon 64 (ClawHammer, NewCastle, Winchester, SanDiego, Venice) | |
Athlon 64 FX (ClawHammer, SanDiego) | |
Optegon (SledgeHammer, ClawHammer) | |
Athlon 64 X2 (Manchester, Toledo) | |
Sempron (Thoroughbred-B, Barton, Thorton, Palermo, Paris, NewCastle. Manila) | |
Geode (GX, NX) | |
Cyrix | Cx486 (SLC, DLC, SRx, SRx2, DRx, DRx2, S, S2, DX, DX2, DX4) |
Cx5x86, M I (Cx6x86, Cx6x86L, Cx6x86LV), Cx6x86MX, M II | |
Media GX, -GXM | |
VIA | VIA Cyrix III (Cayenne, Gobi, Joshua, Matthew) |
VIA C3 (Samuel, Samuel 2, Ezra, Ezra-T, Eden, Nehemiah, Antaur) | |
Centaur | WinChip (IDT C6), WinChip 2 (A, B), WinChip 3 |
Rise | mP6 (Kirin, Lynx) |
Transmeta | Crusoe (TM3200, TM5400, TM5600, TM5500, TM5800, TM5700, TM5900) |
Efficeon (Astro) | |
NexGen | Nx586, Nx586FP, Nx686 |
NEC | V20, V25 (+), V30, V33, V35 (+), V40, V45, V50, V55 |
Texas Instr. | TI80486 (SXL, SXLC, SLC, SXL2, SXLC2, DLC, DX2, DX4) |
IBM | IBM 386SLC, 486 (SLC, SLC2, DLC, DLC2) ( Cyrix) |
Blue Lightning (486BLX, -BLX2, -BLX3) | |
IBM 5x86C, M I (L, LV), M II | |
SGS-Thomson | ST486 (DX2, DX4), 5x86, M I ( Cyrix) |
UMC | U5S, U5SD, U5SF, U5SLV, U5FLV, U486SX2, U486DX2 |
C&T | 38600SX, 38605SX, 38600DX, 38605DX |
Harris Semic. | HS80C86, HS80C88, HS80C286 |
Siemens | SAB8086, SAB8088, SAB80186, SAB80188, SAB80286 |
OKI Semic. | MSM80C86, MSM80C88 |
Hitachi | H80C88 |
CCCP | 181086, 181086, 181088 |
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, : ( ), . . . . 2.3 .
2.3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - 7. , , 8. 9. 10. , 11. | 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. | 1. , , 2. 3. 4. ( , , , .) 5. ( .) |
|
|
.
1. . . , . LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) QFP (Quad Flat Pack) . , , TCP (Tape Carrier Package) BGA (Ball Grid Array), .
2. , 90 . , . - . SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge) SEPP (Single Edge Processor Package). SECC . SEPP . Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron Slot-1, Xeon Slot-2, Athlon Slot-A.
3. , . PGA (Pin Grid Array). PGA , . PGA: SPGA Staggered PGA ( ); PPGA Plastic PGA; CPGA Ceramic PGA; OPGA Organic PGA; FC-PGA Flip Chip PGA; mPGA Micro PGA. (socket) LIF (Low Insertion Force) ZIF (Zero Insertion Force). ZIF , . ZIF : . . , , . .
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|
PGA , , LIF ZIF . LGA, Intel Pentium 4, , , .
2.5.
, . 80486DX 50 . Pentium 4 Athlon 130 , .
( ) . , . (). , ( . cooler ). :
1) (, );
2) . (). Socket-7 Socket-370 , Socket-A ;
3) , ( Retention Mechanism) . ( ) . . Socket-478, Socket-754, Socket-939.
. , . , , , . .
(Fan) . . ( +12 ) , . Pentium II , , , .
|
|
; .
Intel AMD Titan, Thermaltake, GlacialTech, AVC, Cooler Master, Evercool, Sanyo .
2.6.
8086, 8088, 80286 80386SX/DX, 80486SX, . , . Intel AMD, Cyrix, IIT, ULSI, C&T, Abacus Weitek, , 8087.
. 2.4 , IBM- . .
2.4
- | |
Intel | i8087, i80187, i80287 (XL), i80387 (SX, DX, SL), i80487 (SX) |
AMD | Am80C287 |
Cyrix | Cx287, FastMath (Cx82S87, Cx83D87, Cx83S87, Cx387+, EMC87) |
Cx387DX, Cx387SX, Cx4C87DLC, Cx487S | |
ULSI | Math*Co (83S87, 83C87) |
IIT | 2C87, 3C87, 3C87SX, 4C87DLC, 4C87 |
C&T | Super Math (38700DX, 38700SX) |
NexGen | Nx587 |
Weitek | Abacus (1167, 3167, 4167) |
181087 |
2.7.
SIPP, SIMM, DIMM RIMM. PC/XT PC/AT 80286. . 2.5 ( ).
2.5
, | , | , | |||
SIPP | DRAM, FPM DRAM | 8 (9) | 0,25-4 | ||
SIMM-30 | DRAM, FPM DRAM | 8 (9) | 0,25-4 | ||
SIMM-72 | FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM | 32 (36) | 1-64 | ||
DIMM-168 | EDO DRAM, SDRAM | 64 (72 80) | 8-512 | ||
DIMM-184 | DDR SDRAM | 64 (72, 80) | 64-1024 | ||
DIMM-240 | DDR-II SDRAM | 64 (72, 80) | 128-2048 | ||
RIMM | Rambus DRAM | 16 (18) | 64-256 |
SIPP, SIMM, DIMM, RIMM (4 6 ) , DRAM .
SIPP (Single In-Line Pin Package) SIMM-30 (Single In-Line Memory Module) . 80286, 80386 80486. SIPP , (SIMM, DIMM, RIMM) , .
SIMM-72 72 . 80386, 80486 Pentium Pentium II. SIPP SIMM .
80286 80386SX SIPP SIMM-30 , 80486 SIPP SIMM-30. . Pentium SIMM-72 .
DIMM-168 (Dual In-Line Memory Module) 5- 6- (Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron, Athlon, Duron .). DIMM-168 SDRAM. PC-66, PC-100, PC-133. . DIMM-168 , .
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DIMM-184 DDR SDRAM 6- 7- (Pentium III, Pentium 4, Athlon, Duron .). DIMM-184 PC1600, PC2100, PC2700, PC3200, (/). DDR200, DDR266, DDR333, DDR400 , ( 2100 , 2133 , 2166 , 2 200). DIMM-184, (, PC4200). .
DIMM-240 DDR-II SDRAM 32- 64- 8- (Pentium 4 Prescott, Athlon 64). DDR-II SDRAM. DDRII-400, DDRII-533, DDRII-667, DDRII-800, ( 4100 , 4133 , 4166 , 4 200). DDR-II , DIMM-240 .
DIMM Pentium Pentium Pro . DIMM , .
, DIMM .
RIMM (Rambus Interface Memory Module) 6- 7- . Pentium 4 ( Pentium III). RIMM . RIMM PC600, PC700, PC800, PC1066, (600, 700, 800, 1066 ).
:
1) ( 1 18);
2) (DIP, SOJ, TSOP, BGA);
3) ;
4) 256 1024 ( 256 512 , 1, 4, 16, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 );
5) (, 88);
6) , ( 1 4 );
7) ( ) ( SPD Serial Presence Detect), , . DIMM RIMM, , . EEPROM 2 , QPF c 8 ;
8) ( ) . DIMM (Buffered Registered DIMM) (Unbuffered DIMM). ;
9) . (Parity checking). ECC (Error Checking and Correction), , . (, );
10) (5 SIPP SIMM; 5 3,3 DIMM-168; 2,5 DIMM-184; 1,8 DIMM-240).
, .
DIMM SO-DIMM (Small Outline DIMM). 72- 144- SO-DIMM.
Samsung, Microm, Infineon, Hynix, Nanya, Elpida, Mosel, Vitelic, PSC, Winbond, Toshiba, Vanguard, EliteMT, Siemens, NCP, Texas Instruments, Alliance. . Corsair, GEIL, Kingston, Patriot, PQI, Transcend, OCZ.
2.8.
( ) , . . , . , , , . - Flex-ATX All-In-Ones .
.
2.8.1.
, , , , () . , , "" .
: , ( 2 8 ), ( , Flash-ROM) -BIOS, , ( , .). AGP, AGP Pro PCI-Express. PCI, VLB, ISA. , , PCI+AGP AGP+PCI-E. AGP . 2.1.
; - RAMDAC . ( ). Pentium 4 Athlon (, GeForce 6800 nVidia 220 . ). . GPU Graphics Processing Unit.