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: 090103
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2007
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1.
() IBM PC- , .
2.
2.1.
, - , , , . (-), , (BIOS), , ( chipset), , , (, , , ). . , . , IBM- . IBM- ABIT, Acorp, AOpen, ASRock, ASUSTeK, Albatron, Chaintech, DFI, Elitegroup, EpoX, FIC, Foxconn, Gigabyte, Intel, Iwill, Jetway, Manli, MicroStar, QDI, Sapphire, Shuttle, Soltek, SuperMicro, Tyan. - (, , , , , , , , , .).
, ( 12 , 4 6 ). , , , , , . , , ASUS Foxconn () , Gigabyte Albatron , ECS , Intel EpoX , AOpen , MSI , Chaintech .
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. : Full-AT ( 1213,8 305350 ), Baby-AT (8,5713,04 220330 ), 3/4 Baby-AT (8,579,85 220250 ), mini-AT (220170 ). . . 1.1 1.2.
. 1.1. 3/4 Baby-AT Socket-3 | . 1.2. mini-AT Slot-1 |
() . , , . . .
1995 . ( 305 220 ).
. AT. 305244 , mini-ATX 284208 micro-ATX 244244 . Flex-ATX NLX , . ( 305, 284 244 ), . micro-ATX . 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 1.6.
, 1995 .
1. . .
2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. 3,3 .
6. - . , .
7. "" +5 , "" (, -, ).
8. 20- ( 6 ). , .
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. . , .
, IBM- .
. 1.3. ATX Socket-604 | . 1.4. ATX Socket-478 |
. 1.5. micro-ATX LGA-775 | . 1.6. ATX Socket-939 |
1. . . 8086 8088 40- DIP (Dual Inline Package) . , ("").
80286 PGA (Pin Grid Array) c 68 , 80386 PGA-132 (132 ), 80486 PGA-168. PGA , . (socket) LIF (Low Insertion Force). 80386 80486 LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Pack), .
80486 , (, 80486DX/DX2/DX4/DX5/SX/SX2), (, 25, 33, 40, 50, 66, 75, 80, 100, 120, 133 ) ( Intel, AMD, Cyrix, UMC, IBM, Texas Instruments .). ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) PGA. ZIF , . .
1.1 Intel, AMD .
1.1
Socket-1 | 168/169 | |
Socket-2 | 80486, Pentium OverDrive | |
Socket-3 | 80486, Pentium OverDrive | |
Socket-4 | Pentium 60, 66 | |
Socket-5 | Pentium 75, 90, 100 | |
Socket-6 | Pentium OverDrive | |
Socket-7, Super Socket 7 | Pentium 75 200 , Pentium MMX; AMD K5, K6, K6-2, K6-III; Cyrix Cx6x86, MI, MII; IDT C6, WinChip; Rise mP6; VIA | |
Socket-8 | Pentium Pro | |
Slot-1 | Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron | |
Slot-2 | Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon | |
Slot-A | AMD K7 (Athlon) | |
Socket-A | AMD Athlon, Athlon XP/MP, Duron, Sempron | |
Socket-370 | Pentium III, Celeron, VIA-Cyrix, VIA C3 | |
Socket-423 | Pentium 4 (Willamette) | |
Socket-478 | Pentium 4 (Northwood, Prescott), Celeron | |
Socket-479 | Pentium M, Celeron M | |
Socket-603/604 | Pentium 4 Xeon | 603/604 |
Socket-754 | AMD Athlon 64, Sempron | |
Socket-939 | AMD Athlon 64 FX, Optegon, Sempron | |
Socket-940 | AMD Optegon, Athlon 64 X2 | |
LGA-775 | Pentium 4 (Prescott), Celeron D |
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LGA-775, Intel, Socket . .
, . Slot-1 , Socket-370. , , Slot-1 Socket-370 Slot-1 Slot-2.
( , ) , , , 2xSocket-7, 2Socket-8, 2xSlot-1, 2Socket-370, 2Socket-A, 2Socket-603. . Xeon.
, , ( ). . 4 . , 50 .
, Slot-1, Slot-2 Slot-A, -. (), ( ).
2. . 8086, 8088, 80286 80386, 80487SX, .
3. . . . 1.2 ( ).
1.2
, | ||||
SIPP | 8 (9) | DRAM, FPM DRAM | ||
SIMM-30 | 8 (9) | DRAM, FPM DRAM | ||
SIMM-72 | 32 (36) | FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM | ||
DIMM-168 | 64 (72 80) | EDO DRAM, SDRAM | ||
DIMM-184 | 64 (72, 80) | DDR SDRAM | ||
DIMM-240 | 64 (72, 80) | DDR-II SDRAM | ||
RIMM | 16 (18) | Rambus DRAM |
2 8 SIPP SIMM-30, 1 6 SIMM-72, 1 6 DIMM, 2 4 RIMM. , . , , 80386 4 8 SIMM-30, 80486 4 SIMM-30 2 SIMM-72. Pentium Pentium II 4 SIMM-72 2 DIMM-168. Pentium III DIMM-168, Pentium 4 DIMM-184. Pentium 4 Athlon DIMM-168 DIMM-184, SDRAM DDR SDRAM ( ). LGA-775 Socket-939 DIMM-184 DIMM-240 DDR SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM.
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4. -. - 80386, 80486 Pentium. -, 80386, 32, 64 128 , 80486 64, 128 256 . Pentium - , , 256 512 ( 1024) . - . ISSI, Winbond, UMC, EliteMT .
Pentium ( Socket-5 Socket-7) COAST (Cache On A Stick) -; 256 ( 512) .
6-, 7- 8- - , - ( ) .
5. PCI. PCI . 32- PCI, 64-. 32- PCI 124 ( 62 ) 0,05 , ISA EISA. 64- PCI 188 ( 94 ). PCI . . PCI , , , . . 3,3 , 5 . PCI .
6. PCI-X. PCI-X 64 66, 100 133 . PCI-X 64- PCI 3,3 1,5 . PCI-X , , , ( , ) Xeon . PCI-X 1 4.
7. PCI-Express. PCI-Express (PCI-E) PCI. , PCI-E PCI AGP . PCI-E Intel Pentium 4 LGA-775 ( Socket-478) AMD Athlon 64 Socket-754 Socket-939. PCI PCI-E: PCI-E 1x, PC-E 4x ( 8), PCI-E 16x. 16 , 1, 4 8 . 1, 4, 8, 16 . PCI-E 16x .
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8. AGP. . 62 66 ( 128 132 ). , AGP . AGP . AGP (), , . 3,3 , 1,5 . AGP . AGP Pro ( 48 ), ( 50 110 ). AGP .
9. ISA. ISA . ISA-8 ISA-16, . ISA-8 PC/XT, PC/AT 80286, 80386 80486. ISA-16 PC/AT, 80286. ISA-16 0,1 . (62 , , 31 ) ISA-8, (36 , 18 ) ISA 16 . ISA 8. ISA , 1 8 ISA.
10. EISA. . ISA-16. EISA ISA. 8. 80386 80486. EISA PCI IBM- .
11. VLB (VESA Local Bus). 112 ( 56 ) 0,05 , , . ISA-16 (. . 3.1). 80486. Pentium PCI VLB .
12. AMR (Audio/Modem Riser), CNR (Communications Network Riser), ACR (Advanced Communications Riser). , , 2 24 , , . 6- 7- . .
13. USB. USB , Pentium. 2 12 USB 1.0 2.0. USB (), , (), . USB, " " , USB .
14. RG45. 8- " " (UTP). Ethernet. RG-45 Fast Ethernet Giga Ethernet . RG-45 , . Intel, 3COM, Realtek, Broadcom, Marvell.
15. RG11. 4 . , . .
16. (. . 1.5). VGA. DB-15S, D-Sub, 15 , . VGA . DVI LCD . , (, , UMA Unified Memory Area).
17. TV-Out. . . 4- 7- mini-DIN S-Video.
18. . PCI, 80486. 34- ( 17 ) . PC/AT : :.
17. Parallel-ATA. () PCI, 80486. 40- ( 20 ) Primary () Secondary () 18 ( 45 ). "" CD/DVD. PATA , ZIP LS-120. " " , .
18. Serial-ATA. SATA , "" , CD/DVD Parallel-ATA. Serial-ATA " " . Serial-ATA 2 8 . , , 7- 1 .
19. SCSI. , . , , , , . SCSI, , , 50- 68- . SCSI Adaptec.