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"There is no worse mistake in public leadership than to hold out false hopes soon to be swept away."

Winston S. Churchill,

The Hinge of Fate.1

1950- Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, &, , General Motors.2 Kroger, , , & , .

, 1960-, & , a Kroger . 1959 1973 , Kroger &. , 25 Kroger 10 , , 80 , &.

? , &, ?

, & XX : . XX . , , . , , , 45 10 .

- , , 5 . , , . , . , , , , .

, , : & - , , , , , , , . ?

, Kroger, & (Kroger 82 , & 111 ) 1970-; ; , , , . - , .

1958 Forbes & , .3 , , &, : , , . &, , , . , , , , , ().4 : ?, : .5 , 20 , , .6

, , & . , The Golden Key[28] - , , , .7 &, , . . , , , .

& The Golden Key?

, .8

& , . , , , , , . , , , , , .9

: 1. Kroger 1973. 2. $1, 1 1959 3. , , 1 1973.

 

: 1. Kroger 1973. 2. $1, 1 1973. 3. , , 1 1998.

, , , . , , , , , . , , - &. - , .10

Kroger . Kroger 1960-, .11 1970- Kroger : (100% ) . , &, Kroger .

Kroger , . ( ) , . . 100 , , : . , , : - . , , [29]. , . , , - .12

Kroger , , . , , , , . 1990- Kroger , , 1999.13 , & 1950-, .14

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: - , . , , , . , , , . , , , , Kroger , .

, , . , ? - , ? , , , .

. , : . (, , , , .) , Kroger, , - . , , . , : , . , , , .

Pitney Bowes Addressograph. , . 1973 , , . , Pitney Bowes - , a Addressograph - , , .15 2000 Pitney Bowes 30000 $ 4 , Addressograph $ 100 , 670 .16 Pitney Bowes Addressograph 3581 1 (, )

1976 , , Addiessograph [30], , Litton, . , , Fortune, Addresso-graph .17

, IBM, Xerox Kodak - , .18 -, , , Business Week, , , .19 , , , , .20

, , ( ), , . , .21 Addressograph , . , .22 Addressograph , .23

, . (, , , .)24 , , .

, , , , . , .

, , , : - , , , , .25 Pitney Bowes - Pitney Bowes, . , , Pitney Bowes . , , - .26 , , , , , , - .27

Pitney - 15- , , , .28 - - : , ; , , .29 , , , , , , , : , !.30

Addressograph, Pitney Bowes, , . , , , . , , ) , - , , , , , . Bank of America ( ): , , . Wells Fargo Pitney Bowes, , , .

, , , , , , . , - , .

, , , , , [31]. , . , .

, , II . , , , , , , , . , , , ( ), : . , ! . . . . . , , , .31

, , . , , . , , , .32 , , . , , : , - . - , .33





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