 , 
|  ,
|  , 
| |
| Al2O3() | 1676,0 | 1582,0 | 50,92 |
| Al2S3() | 509,0 | 23,0 | 96,20 |
| Al(OH)3() | 1315,0 | 1157,0 | 71,10 |
| AlCl3() | 704,6 | 629,0 | 109,29 |
| AgCl () | 126,78 | 109,54 | 96,23 |
| BaCO3() | 1217 | 1137,2 | 112,13 |
| BaO() | 553.9 | 525,4 | 70,30 |
| CH4() | 74,85 | 50,85 | 186,27 |
| C2H2() | 226,75 | 209,21 | 200,82 |
| C2H4() | 52,30 | 68,14 | 219,45 |
| C2H6() | 84,67 | 32,93 | 229,49 |
| CH3COOH() | 484,09 | 389,36 | 159,83 |
| C2H5OH() | 234,80 | 167,96 | 281,38 |
| C2H5OH() | 276,98 | 174,15 | 160,67 |
| C6H6() | 49,03 | 124,38 | 173,26 |
| 6H126() | 1273 | 919,5 | 212,13 |
| CCl4() | 132,84 | 62,66 | 216,19 |
| CaBr2() | 674,9 | 656,1 | 130,00 |
| CaC2() | 59,9 | 64,9 | 69,96 |
| CaCl2() | 796,3 | 748,9 | 108,37 |
| CO() | 110,5 | 137,1 | 197,55 |
| CO2() | 393,5 | 394,4 | 213,66 |
| () | 635,5 | 604,2 | 38,07 |
| CaCO3() | 1207 | 1129,6 | 91,71 |
| Ca(OH)2() | 985,12 | 897,52 | 83,39 |
| Ca3(PO4)2() | 4123,6 | 3887,6 | 235,98 |
| CuO() | 162,0 | 129,9 | 42,63 |
| Cu(NO3)2() | 307,11 | 114,22 | 191,30 |
| CuSO4() | 770,9 | 661,8 | 109,20 |
| CrO3 () | 590,36 | 513,44 | 73,22 |
| Cr2O3 () | 1140,56 | 1058,97 | 81,17 |
| FeCl3 () | 399,70 | 334,20 | 130,10 |
| FeO () | 264,85 | 244,30 | 60,75 |
| Fe2O3 () | 822,16 | 740,34 | 87,45 |
| Fe3O4 () | 1117,13 | 1014,17 | 146,19 |
| HBr () | 36,38 | 53,43 | 198,58 |
| HCl () | 92,31 | 95,30 | 186,79 |
| HF () | 273,30 | 275,41 | 173,67 |
| ,
| ,
| ,
| |
| HI () | 26,36 | 1,58 | 206,48 |
| H2O () | 241,8 | 228,61 | 188,72 |
| H2O () | 286,0 | 237,23 | 69,95 |
| H2O2 () | 187,86 | 120,52 | 109,60 |
| H2S() | 21,0 | 33,8 | 205,70 |
| KBr() | 392,2 | 379,2 | 95,94 |
| KCl () | 436,68 | 408,93 | 82,55 |
| KClO3() | 391,20 | 289,80 | 142,97 |
| KNO3() | 492,46 | 392,75 | 132,88 |
| MgCl2() | 644,80 | 595,30 | 89,54 |
| MgO () | 601,8 | 569,6 | 27,07 |
| NH3 () | 45,94 | 16,48 | 192,66 |
| NH4Cl () | 314,22 | 203,22 | 95,81 |
| NH4NO3() | 365,43 | 183,93 | 151,04 |
| (NH4)2SO4 | 1180,0 | 901,3 | 220,08 |
| NO() | 90,3 | 80,6 | 210,64 |
| NO2() | 33,0 | 51,5 | 240,06 |
| NiO () | 239,7 | 211,6 | 37,99 |
| NaBr () | 361,41 | 349,34 | 86,82 |
| NaCl () | 411,12 | 384,13 | 72,13 |
| Na2CO3() | 1130,80 | 1048,20 | 138,80 |
| NaNO3() | 466,70 | 365,97 | 116,50 |
| P2O5 () | 1507,20 | 1371,7 | 140,30 |
| Pb(NO3)2() | 451,70 | 258,90 | 217,90 |
| b (.) | 219,3 | 189,1 | 66,11 |
| bO2 () | 276,6 | 218,3 | 71,92 |
| SO2 () | 296,90 | 300,21 | 248,07 |
| SO3 () | 395,85 | 371,17 | 256,69 |
| SnO2() | 580,8 | 519,3 | 52,30 |
| TiO2 () | 943,9 | 888,6 | 50,33 |
| ZnO () | 348,11 | 320,7 | 43,51 |
| ZnS() | 205,6 | 200,9 | 57,66 |
. 
;
|
|
|
, , .
2
25 0 (n )
| , (-/)n | , (-/)n | , (-/)n | |||
| AgBr AgCN AgCl AgI AgBrO3 Ag2CrO4 Ag2SO4 Al(OH)3 Ag2S BaSO3 BaSO4 | 5,010-13 1,610-14 1,710-10 8,110-17 6,010-5 4,410-12 1,210-5 4,010-33 2,510-25 9,510-10 1,510-9 | Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 Cd(OH)2 Co(OH)2 CuCl Cu Fe(OH)2 Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg22 HgS | 6,010-6 2,410-5 1,710-14 2,510-16 3,210-7 1,110-12 1,410-15 4,010-23 1,010-18 4,010-29 1,610-52 | Hg2SO4 Ni(OH)2 PbBr2 Pbl2 Pb2 Pb(OH)2 PbSO4 TIBr TICl Zn(OH)2 ZnS | 6,210-7 1,310-16 4,510-6 1,510-5 810-9 510-16 1,610-8 3,610-6 1,810-4 4,310-17 1,310-23 |
3
,
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| |
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| ? | ? | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| ? | ? | ? | ? | |||||||||||
| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |||||||||
|
: , M , , ,?
4
| K | K | K | K | K | K | |||
| 0,52 | 1,86 | 3,6 | 7,39 | (l4) | 5,3 | 2,98 | ||
| 2,57 | 5,1 | 2,6 | 5,87 | 3,1 | 3,9 | |||
| 1,48 | 2,4 | 1,16 | 5,27 | 6,90 | ||||
| 3,88 | 4,9 | 2,37 |
5
| φ0, | φ0, | φ0, | |||
| Li+/Li | 3,045 | Ti2+/Ti | 1,630 | Sn2+/Sn | 0,136 |
| Rb+/Rb | 2,925 | Ti3+/Ti | 1,208 | Pb2+/Pb | 0,126 |
| K+/K | 2,924 | Mn2+/Mn | 1,192 | Fe3+/Fe | 0,037 |
| Cs+/Cs | 2,923 | V2+/V | 1,175 | 2H+/H2 | 0,000 |
| Ra2+/Ra | 2,916 | Nb3+/Nb | 1,100 | Sb3+/Sb | +0,240 |
| Ba2+/Ba | 2,905 | Cr2+/Cr | 0,852 | Bi3+/Bi | +0,317 |
| Sr2+/Sr | 2,888 | Zn2+/Zn | 0,763 | Co3+/Co | +0,330 |
| Ca2+/Ca | 2,864 | Cr3+/Cr | 0,744 | Cu2+/Cu | +0,345 |
| Na+/Na | 2,711 | Ga3+/Ga | 0,560 | Cu+/Cu | +0,520 |
| Ac3+/Ac | 2,600 | Fe2+/Fe | 0,440 | Hg22+/2Hg | +0,850 |
| La3+/La | 2,522 | Cd2+/Cd | 0,403 | Ag+/Ag | +0,799 |
| Ce3+/Ce | 2,483 | In3+/In | 0,338 | Pb4+/Pb | +0,840 |
| Y3+/Y | 2,372 | Ti3+/Ti | 0,368 | Hg2+/Hg | +0,852 |
| Mg2+/Mg | 2,363 | Tl+/Tl | 0,336 | Pd2+/Pd | +0,915 |
| Be2+/Be | 1,847 | Co2+/Co | 0,277 | Pt2+/Pt | +0,963 |
| U3+/U | 1,798 | Ni2+/Ni | 0,234 | Au3+/Au | +1,498 |
| Al3+/Al | 1,663 | Mo3+/Mo | 0,200 | Au+/Au | +1,691 |
|
|
|
6
-
-
| φ0 , | |
AgCl + ē = Ag + Cl 
| + 0,222 |
Ag  + ē = Ag
| + 0,800 |
As  +3ē = As
| + 0,300 |
Br  + 2ē = 2Br
| + 1,087 |
BrO  + 3H O + 6ē = Br + 6OH
| + 0,610 |
| Cl + 2ē = 2Cl
| + 1,359 |
| 2HClO + 2H + 2ē = Cl + 2H O
| + 1,630 |
| ClO + 6H + 6ē = Cl + 3H O
| + 1,450 |
| ClO + 3H O + 6ē = Cl + 6OH
| + 0,630 |
CrO  + 4H O + 3ē = Cr + 8OH
| 0,125 |
CrO + 4H + 3ē = CrO  + 2H2O
| + 0,945 |
Cr2O  + 14H + 6ē = 2Cr + 7H2O
| + 1,333 |
Cu  + ē = Cu
| + 0,158 |
| F + 2ē = 2F
| + 2,870 |
| Fe + ē = Fe
| + 0,771 |
Fe(CN)  + ē = Fe(CN) 
| + 0,356 |
| FeO + 8H + 3ē = Fe + 4H O
| + 1,700 |
| 2H + 2ē = H
| + 0,000 |
| H + 2ē = 2H
| 2,251 |
| H O 2ē = O + 2H
| 0,682 |
| H O + 2ē = 2OH
| + 0,880 |
| H O + 2H + 2ē = 2H O
| + 1,776 |
| Hg + 2ē = Hg
| +0,854 |
| I + 2ē = 2I
| + 0,536 |
| HIO + H + 2ē = I + H O
| + 0,990 |
| 2IO + 12H + 10ē = I + 6H O
| + 1,190 |
| IO + 3H O + 6ē = I + 6OH
| + 0,260 |
| MnO + 4H + 2ē = Mn + 2H O
| + 1,228 |
| MnO + 4H + 2ē = MnO + 2H O
| + 2,257 |
MnO  + ē = MnO
| + 0,564 |
| φ0 , | |
| MnO + 2H O + 3ē = MnO + 4OH
| + 0,600 |
| MnO + 8H + 5ē = Mn + 4H O
| + 1,507 |
| MnO + 4H + 3ē = MnO + 2H O
| + 1,692 |
| HNO + H + ē = NO + H O
| + 1,004 |
| NO + 2H + 2ē = NO + H O
| + 0,838 |
| NO + 2H + ē = NO + H O
| + 0,772 |
| NO + 4H + 3ē = NO + 2H O
| + 0,957 |
| 2NO + 12H + 10ē = N + 6H O
| + 1,24 |
NO + 10H + 8ē = NH  + 3H O
| + 0,880 |
Ni(OH)  + ē = Ni(OH) + OH
| + 0,49 |
| O + 2H + 2ē = O + H O
| + 2,075 |
| O + 2H O + 4ē = 4OH
| + 0,401 |
| P + 3H O + 3ē = PH + 3OH
| 0,890 |
H PO  + 2H + 2ē = H PO + H O
| 0,276 |
Pb  + 2ē = Pb
| + 1,694 |
| Pb + 2ē = Pb
| 0,130 |
| PbO + 4H + 2ē = Pb + 2H O
| + 1,455 |
| PbO + SO + 4H+ + 2ē = PbSO + 2H O
| + 1,685 |
PtCl  + 2ē = PtCl + 2Cl
| + 0,720 |
S + 2ē = S 
| + 0,480 |
SO + H O + 2ē = SO  + 2OH
| 0,932 |
| SO + 4H + 2ē = H SO + H O
| + 0,172 |
| SO + 8H + 6ē = S + 4H O
| + 0,357 |
| SO + 8H + 8ē = S + 4H O
| + 0,149 |
| SO + 10H + 8ē = H S + 4H O
| + 0,31 |
S  O  + 2ē = 2SO
| + 2,010 |
| Sn + 2ē = Sn
| + 1,151 |
| Tl + 2ē = Tl
| + 1,280 |
| V + ē = V
| 0,255 |
| Sn+ 2ē = Sn
| 0,14 |
̲
| .......... | |
| ....................................................................................... | |
| 1. 쳿 ............... | |
| 2. .................................... | |
| 1. ....................... | |
| 2........................................................................................ : . ................................ : ճ ................................................................. | |
| 3. ................................................................................................. | |
| 3........................................................................................ : .................................................................... : . ..................................................................... : . - . ó ..................... : .............................. | |
| 4. - .................... | |
| 4. - .............................................. | |
| 5. ................................................... | |
| 6. . ........................... | |
| 7. . 糿............. | |
| 5. ................................................................ | |
| 8......................................................................................... : (, , )..... : , , ................ : , .................................... | |
| ..................................................................................................................... |
|
|
|
