2011
54.075
, . .
(
. . )
: . . . / .: . . ; . . ; . . . -. , 2011. 16 .
...................................................................................... 4
................................................................................... 5
........................................ 5
......................................... 7
............................................................................... 9
............................................................. 12
................................................................ 13
1. ....................................... 14
2.
.......................................... 15
; ; ; ; ; .
.
.
, .
( ) 
, - (p = const, T = const).
|
|
|
< 0, .
= 0, .
> 0,
.
(
)
(
) :
.
( < 0),
(G = G min), ( = 0).
, , , . . < 0.
( > 0) .
= 0 
= 
, 
. < 0, .
, . . < 0 
> 0:
( > 0) , > 0, . . | | > | |
< 0;
( > 0) < 0 ( ), . | | < | |
> 0;
( < 0) > 0 ( ) < 0 ( ), . . 
< 
.
1. - 298
(. 1).
2. , .
3. , 298 .
4. ( ) .
5. Δ0 ΔS0 .
6. , .
1. (. 1).
+ ↔ + dD
:_______
( ):_______
2. Δ 0. S 0. (. 2):
| Δ 0, / | S 0, /·K | |
| A | ||
| B | ||
| C | ||
| D |
3. ,
4. :
5. 
, 298 .
|
|
|
6. Δ G , , Δ 0 Δ S 0
7. 
, (K ) 298 :
8. , = 0.
= 0, , | 
| = | 
|. , .
9. , ( ) :
Q ; n ( ); ν , 
m ,
,
V ; Vm (22,4 /).
10. , . 
, 
.
