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.
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2. , , , .
3. , (, ).
4. , , .
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6. .
7. ϳ , .
1. : , . , , .
2. :
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2.2. : , , , , , , , , .
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3. :
ճ , .
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0,01 0,10 ᒺ 0,5 5,0 3 .
4. ˳:
4.1. .
4.2. .., .., .. . (), 1983, 531.
4.3. , . .. , 1987, . 413.
4.4. 쳿. ..˳ . .: , 1998. . 811
5. :
5.1. .
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5.2. .
:
1 ;
2 ;
4 ;
35 ();
6 ;
7 ( ) ;
8 ;
9 ;
10 ,
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.
1. () .
dz , 1/2 ᒺ , . ϳ , , . . . ϳ .
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2. _____________________________
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5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
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2. .
0,2 ( ), . . , ( %).
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3. .
, , 2 . . . , , , , ( %), .
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( )
1. : . .
2. :
2.1. : .
2.2. : , , .
2.3. : , , . . . .
2.4. ó: , , . . .
2.5. . , , 볖 . .
2.6. . . . .
2.7. , . . 뺺.
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. .99125.
3.3. .. . .: 1986. . 3743.
3.4. .. .. . .: 1979. . 126129.
3.5. .. . . 1991. .140164.
3.6. , , . .. , .. , .. , .. . 1987. 1330.
4. :
4.1. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
________________________________________
4.2. :
) : H2SO4, H3BO3, H2SO3, H2S.
) : Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Cr(OH)3.
) : N2O, NO, Mn2O7, N2O3.
) : Al2(SO4)3, FeOHCl2, NaH2PO4, Ca(HCO3)2.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________
4.3. :
K2O + ZnO =___________________________________________________________
CaO + Cl2O7 =__________________________________________________________
Ca(H2O4)2 + Al2(SO4)3 =__________________________________________________
4.4. : H2SO4, Al2(SO4)3, K2H2P2O7, Cr(OH)2Cl.
|
|
|
________________________________________
4.5. :
) Ba g BaO g BaCl2 g Ba3(PO4)2 g BaSO4;
________________________________________
) Zn g K2ZnO2 g ZnCl2 g Zn(OH)2 g Na2[Zn(OH)4] g ZnSO4
________________________________________
) C g CO g CO2 g Na2CO3 g NaHCO3 g Na2CO3 g CaCO3 g Ca(HCO3)2 g CaCO3.
________________________________________________
________________
_____________________200__. ______________________
( )
쳿. .
1. : 쳿 , ᒺ , , , .
2. :
2.1. 㳿 .
2.2. .
2.3. .
2.4. .
2.5. 뺺 .
2.6. . ᒺ.
2.7. . .
2.8. .
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. . 414.
3.3. .., .., .. . (), 1983, . 3142.
3.4. .. . , 1991 .718.
3.5. .. , 1983, . 1435
4. :
4.1. 500 1,806 . .
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4.2. 0,111 ᒺ 25 17 101,463 . .
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_________________________________________________________
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4.3. CaO, H3PO4, Ba(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3.
________________________________________________________________
4.4. 1,6 2,65 . , 20.
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4.5. KMnO4 , ()?
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.
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1 2, 璺 . 3. .
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;
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3. ˳:
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3.3. .. 쳿 , 1993.
4. :
4.1. ᒺ 5 22 620 . , ?
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4.3. (IV), 䳿 7 30, 20%.
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4.4. 䳿 34 21 .
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_____________________200__. ______________________
( )
1. : ..뺺. , .
2. , :
2.1. . , . . . 㳿 ().
2.2. , , . . . . .
2.3. 㳿 . . , , (, , s, p, d, f , ). , .
2.4. : 㳿, , . .
2.5. . , .
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. . 1540.
3.3. . , ., 1991. . 2151
3.4. .. . .: , 1986. . 55109
3.5. .. , ., 1984, . 2947.
3.6. .. , ., 1988.
3.7. .., .. , ., 1979, . 4367.
4. :
4.1. 15, 34 53, , , , .
______________________________________
____________
4.2. s?
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4.3. ?
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4.4. , l = 1?
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_____________________200__. ______________________
( )
..
1. : 쳿 쳿 . .
2. :
2.1. ..뺺 . .
2.2. : , , , s, p, d, f .
2.3. : , 㳿 , , .
2.4. , .
2.5. .
2.6. . Գ .
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. . 4160.
3.3. . , ., 1991. . 5161
3.4. .. , ., 1986.
3.5. .., .. . ., 1979, . 4043
4. :
4.1. , .
______________________________________________________________
4.2. , :
) : P Cl? ?
_______________________________________________________________
) : CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3, .
______________________________________________________________
) .
______________________________________________________________
_____________________200__. ______________________
( )
1. : , . ֳ , , , 쳿, .
2. :
2.1. . : , , .
2.2. . (). ( 2).
2.3. .
2.4. : , , .
2.5. s p , .
2.6. . ó .
2.7. .
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. . 6198.
3.3. .. . .: 1986.
3.4. .., .. . .: 1979. .6872, 7680, 8385, 9193.
3.5. .. . , 1991, . 6285.
4. :
4.1. , : H2S, PH3, SiCl4, MgCl2, AlCl3. s.
________________________________________________
4.2. s ( ):
)
)
)
)
)
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4.3. ? .
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________200__. ______________________
( )
1. : , . ֳ , , , 쳿, .
2. , :
2.1. (). , . .
2.2. . .
2.3. : , . .
2.4. .
2.5. ̳ . , .
2.6. . .
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. . 6198.
3.3. .. . . 1991. . 62104.
3.4. .. . .: , 1986.
3.5. .., .. . .: 1979, . 7276, 8182, 8693.
4. :
4.1. : F2, N2, NO, CO.
________________________________________________________
4.2. . ?
______________________________________________________________
_____________________200__. ______________________
( )
1. : , 쳺, 㳺. .
2. , :
2.1. . .
2.2. . 㳿 . . . , .
2.3. . ﳿ . , , .
2.4. . ( ).
2.5. ó .
2.6. . ϳ .
3. ˳:
3.1. .
3.2. .. . . ϳ. ³: , 2003. . 126139.
3.3. . . 1991. . 104114
3.4. .. . .: , 1986. . 158196.
3.5. .., .., .., , 1986, . 829, 3537.
4. :
4.1. , , . , :
.(CO2) = 393,6 /,
.(H2O) = 285,6 /,
.(C6H12O6) = 1272,45 /.
______________________________________________________________
4.2. () :
CO(.) + 
O2(.) 
CO2(.); = 264,7 .
() , 4,187 ?
______________________________________________________________
4.3. : NO(.) + O2(.) NO2(.);
