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1
.
. 쳿. .
1. 25,5 7,8 . ?
:
2AgNO3 + Na2S = Ag2Si + 2NaNO3
n (AgNO3) = n (AgNO3) = = 0,15 ;
n (Na2S) = n (Na2S) = = 0,1 .
n/(AgNO3) = n(AgNO3); n/(AgNO3) = 0,15 , n/(Na2S) = n/(AgNO3);
n/(Na2S) = = 0,075 ;
; = 0,075
m(Ag2S) = n(Ag2S)·M(Ag2S); m(Ag2S) = 0,075·248 = 18,6 .
2. 1,5 . ᒺ 560 ( ). .
:
Mg + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2
n(H2) = ; n(H2) = = 0,025 .
n(Mg) = n(H2); n(Mg) = 0,025
m(Mg) = n(Mg)·M(Mg); m(Mg) = 0,025·24 = 0,6 .
m(Cu) = m() m(Mg); m(Cu) = (1,5 0,6) = 0,9 .
60%.
3. ᒺ 40 0,2 1,12 / ᒺ 36 0,15 1,17 /.
:
HNO3 + NaOH = NaNO3 + H2O
m1 = V1r1; m1 = 40·1,12 = 44,8 ;
m(HNO3) = m1ω(HNO3); m(HNO3) = 44,8·0,2 = 8,96 ;
ν(HNO3) = ν(HNO3) = = 0,142 .
m2 = V2r2; m2 = 36·1,12 = 42,1 ;
m(NaOH) = m2ω(NaOH); m(NaOH) = 42,1·0,15 = 6,32 ;
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|
ν(NaOH) = ν(NaOH) = = 0,158 .
ν(NaNO3) = ν(N3); ν(NaNO3) = 0,142 .
m(NaNO3) = ν(NaNO3) ·M(NaNO3); m(NaNO3) = 0,142·85 = 12,1 .
m3 = m1+m2; m3 = (44,8 + 42,1) = 86,9 .
ω(NaNO3) = ω(NaNO3) = 13,9%.
4. 9 40 (KMnO4) 7,9%. Na2SO3 . .
:
5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 = 5Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Mn+7 + 5 " Mn+2 | ||
S+4 2e " N+6 |
m(KMnO4) = m()·ω(KMnO4); m = 40·0,079 = 3,16 ;
ν(KMnO4) = ν(KMnO4) = = 0,02 .
:
ν(Na2SO3) = ν(KMnO4); ν(Na2SO3) = = 0,05 .
m(Na2SO3) = ν(Na2SO3)·M(Na2SO3); m(Na2SO3) = 0,05·126 = 6,3 .
ω(Na2SO3) = ; ω(Na2SO3) = = 0,7 70%.
5. , 42,6 , 37,2 . . .
:
2Al(NO3)3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3i + 6NaNO3 + 3CO2h ()
2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O ()
ν(Al(NO3)3) = ν(Al(NO3)3) = = 0,2 ;
ν(Na2CO3) = ν(Na2CO3) = = 0,35 .
() :
() :
:
.
= 0,1 .
m(Al2O3) = ν(Al2O3)·M(Al2O3); m(Al2O3) = 0,1·102 = 10,2 .
2
ճ . ʳ .
1. : 2NaOH(.) + CO2(.) Na2CO3(.) + H2O, : .(NaOH) = 426,6 /, .(CO2) = 393,6 /, .(Na2CO3) = = 1129,3 /, .(H2O) = 285,8 /.
:
:
= .(. ) .(. )
, :
= ( .(Na2CO3) + .(H2O)) (2 .(NaOH) + .(CO2)) = (1129,3 285,8) (2·426,6 393,6) = 168,3 .
.
2. : SiO2(.) + 2NaOH(.) Na2SiO3(.) + H2O(.), : G(SiO2(.)) = 803,75 /, G(NaOH(.)) = 419,5 /, G(Na2SiO3(.)) = = 1427,8 /, G(H2O(.)) = 237,5 /?
:
㳿 ó :
G = G(. ) G(. ) ( ) = (1427,8 237,5) (803,75 419,5·2) = 22,55 , G < 0, .
3. ( ) 23,4, /. 327,4. ﳿ 250 .
: , 0,25 :
1 Pb | 23040 | = = 5760 |
0,25 Pb |
G = T S. , G=0, :
= T S; S = = 9,59 /.
4. 80 8 . 100, (g) 2?
: :
(Dt.) 4 :
5. (N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3) : [N2] = 2,5/, [H2] = 1,8/, [NH3] = 3,6/. .
|
|
: :
:
(N2(.) (.))
() = (.) + [()] = 1,8 + 2,5 = 4,3 /
:
(2(.) (.))
() = 1,8 + 5,4 = 7,2/
6. : 4HCl + O2 = 2H2O + 2Cl2. , 2 ?
: :
2 :
32 , 16 , .
7. г : 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 : [NO] = 0,5/, [O2] = 0,7/, [NO2] = 2,1/. , 2 ? ?
: :
2 2 :
:
, :
, .
3
. . .. . ճ
1. ( ) . . .
³:
1s2 2s22p6 3s23p5
= = = V
. . = 1 . . = +3 . . = +5
1 +1 +3 +5
HCl; l2O (l2O3) (Cl2O5)
= VII
. . = +7
+7
Cl2O7
2. .
:
3. .
:
4
. . .
w | , / | , / | , / | |
, w | ||||
, | ||||
, C | ||||
, |
1. ; 250 3%?
: :
:
: 250 7,5 = 242,5
2. 1 = 2/?
: :
, : mx = C·Mx·Vp = 2·58,5·1 = 117
3. n4 2 = 0,5 /, ?
:
: mx = C·Mx·f.·Vp = 0,5·158· = 31,6.
4. , 2 200 .
: :
|
|
; : /.
5. w = 50% r = 1,4/.
: :
: /.
6. 10% ( 1,22, f. =1/2).
: :
(/).
7 (II) 80 , 100 .
:
() , 100 (2).
1. :
m() = m() + m()
m() = 100 + 100 = 200
2. :
200 100 FS4
100 X FS4
X = 50
³: (II) 50 %.
8. ᒺ 56% (r = 1,460 /) ᒺ , 100 20% (r = 1,143 /).
: . (w3), . w1 w2. w3 w2, w3 w1.
: | : |
20 .. w = 5%, 36 .. , :
,
20+36=56 ..
, , :
114,3 20% | 56 .. | |
20 .. |
ᒺ : ()
:
.
9. 18% 46 , 15% .
:
0,18 = | (46 + ) 0,15 |
= |
15% w = 18% 230 18% 46 .
10. 25 H2SO4 22,5 0,152 N .
:
:
; ; /
/
/
³: 0,1368 /; 0,0067 /.
11. . 5,85% 0. 0,96, r = 1,04/.
: .
/
:
= 1 + a(n 1) = 1 + 0,96(2 1) = 1,96
:
. = iCRT = 1,96 1/ 0,082/* 273 = 4,36
12. . 5%, t=27, r=1/.
: .
/.
:
. = C R T
P. = 0,28 * 0,082 * (273+27) = 6,8
13. . : , .
: /
14. (r) 2, 109. 0,01 .
: :
; ; a = 4,58·10-4, a = 0,046%.
15. Ag2CrO4 1,1·1012. / /.
:
:
Ag2CrO4 D 2Ag+ + CrO
:
Ag2CrO4 S / 2S / . ֳ Ag2CrO4:
/:
/.
, Ag2CrO4 6,5·105 /. , /:
(Ag2CrO4) = 6,5·105·331,8 = 2,2·102/.
:
:
pH = lg[H+] = lg() = lgZ·C()
() = antilg pH = 10pH; = .
|
|
:
= lg[OH] = lgC() = lgZ·C()
= 14
() = antilg pOH = 10pOH; = .
:
: ( )
pH = lg[H+] = lga·() = lg
C() = = ; = Z·C
: ( )
= lg[OH] = lga·() = lg
C() = ; = Z·C
16. 4,2·105/.
:
[H+] = 4,2·105; = lg[H+] = lg4,2·105 = 5lg4,2 = 4,38
17. = 0,15 / = 0,2 /, a = 1.
:
1) = lg[H+]; [H+] = a· = 1·0,15 = 0,15/; = lg1,5·101 = 1lg1,5 = 0,824
2) + = 14; = 14; [OH] = a·C. = 1·0,2 = 0,2/; = lg[H] =
= lg0,2 = 0,7; = 140,7 = 13,3.
18. = 0,1 /, g = 1,8·104.
:
= lg[H+]; [H+] = a·C; g = a2·C; a= ; [H+] = ·C = ;
pH = lg = lg = lg4,24·103 = 2,37.
19. , 80 20 = 0,1 /, a = 1.
:
() = 7. ϳ V2 = 80 + 20 = 100
V1·C1 = V2·C2; C2 = = = 0,02; pOH = lg[OH];
[OH] = a·C = 1·0,2 = 2·102, pOH = lg2·102 = 1,7;
pH = 14 1,7 = 12,3; DpH = 12,3 7 = 5,30.
20. [+] , = 7,36.
:
7,36; [+] = 4,4·108/.
.
(NH4Cl, Fe(NO3)3)
Kb | Kb: 1, 2, 3. , (3) |
;
(K2CO3, Na3PO4)
: 1, 2 | 1, 2, 3. , ( K2CO3 2) |
pH = 14 pOH
21. 0,5 , = 4,5·107, = 4,7·1011.
:
, , 䳿 . 䖳. :
CO32 + H2O D HCO3 + OH
Na2CO3 + H2O D NaHCO3 + NaOH C = = /
=
= 14 2,14 = 11,86
22. , 100 = 0,1/ 200 = 0,2/, = 1,75 105.
:
= lg + lg = lg1,75·105+lg = 5,36.
23. ᒺ = 0,1/ ᒺ C = 0,1/, , 3 = 5,24 ( = 1,75·105).
:
= lg +lg = lg1,75·105+lg ;
lg = 5,244,76 = 0,48.
0,48 3. [V()] / [V()] = 3/1.
, 3 = 5,24. ᒺ : 3000·3/4 = 2250, 3000·1/4 = 750.
5
()
. .
) Cl + 2NaOH " NaCl + NaCl+O + H2O
Cl + 1 " Cl | ||
Cl 1 " Cl+ |
) Pb+4O2 + 2KI + 2H2SO4 " Pb+2SO4 + I + K2SO4 + 2H2O
Pb+4 + 2 " Pb+2 | ||
2I 2 " 2Io |
) 3Fe+2O + 10HN+5O3 " 3Fe+3(NO3)3 + N+2O + 5H2O
Fe+2 1 " Fe+3 | ||
N+5 + 3 " N+2 |
) 2KMn+7O4 + 5KN+3O2 + 3H2SO4 " 2Mn+2SO4 + 5KN+5O3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Mn+7 + 5 " Mn+2 | ||
N+3 2 " N+5 |
) 6Ag+1N+5O " 6AgO + 6N+4O2h + 3O h
Ag+1+ 1 " Ag0 | |||
N+5 + 1 "N+4 | |||
3O2 6e " 3OO |
3: 2Ag+1N+5O " 2Ag0 + 2N+4O2h + 3O h
6
:
5.1. [Cu(NH3)4]SO4:
) ();
) ();
) ().
5.2. [Co(H2O)5]Cl3:
) [CoCl3]. [H2O]5; ) [Co(H2O)5Cl]Cl2; ) [Co(H2O)3]Cl3.2H2O.
5.3. [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O:
) 4+; ) 2+; ) 3+.
5.4. . [NiCl4]2:
) K.= ; ) K.= ; ) K.= .
5.5. Fe2[Fe(CN)6]:
) 2+; ) 6+; ) 3+.
5.6. , Zn(OH)2+2NaOH ) [ZnNa2(OH)2](OH)2; ) Na2[Zn(OH)4]; ) Zn[Na2(OH)4]..7. Na3[AlF6]:
) 3Na+ + [AlF6]3; ) Na + Al3+ + 6F; ) 3Na+ + Al3+ + F .
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