( ) US$/ 80
г :
- US$/ 100, - US$/ 50;
- US$/ 200, - US$/ 100;
- US$/ 100, - US$/ 70;
US$/ 400, : , , . US$200 ;
US$/1000, : , , , . US$500 [34].
i American Express , , , , i American Express - i i, .
2.2.3. ̳
MasterCard International
MasterCard, 40- ,
International, .
г Bank of America 糿 㳿 BankAmericard, 1966 ̳ ,
Interbank Cards Association (ICA), MasterCard International.
1966 - , . , Interbank Cards Association (ICA) (. 2.181). , ICA
. -. , . , , .
, . , 1968 ICA , Banco Nacional , Eurocard, .
1970- ICA 5000 , 36 . 1969 Master Charge (. 2.182), . Master Charge, . i .
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, 1979 Master Charge MasterCard International, i (. 2.18 3, 2.20), [38].
1980 MasterCard, , 55 ., 1990 90 . . 1980
1991 MasterCard 10,4. 99 ..
1981 MasterCard , 1983
. 2.18. MasterCard
MasterCard - (. 2.19), [20].
MasterCard 糿 - 1980- . , 1987 MasterCard , (), 1988 MasterCard .
MasterCard
1989 , 1990 - , , ( 23 , sans-serif ()).
MasterCard Europay International 1991 Maestro - , 1992 Maestro coast-to-coast
- . Europay International. , EuroCard, Eurocheck MasterCard Int.
. 2.19.
Masterard 1990 - -
MasterCard International -㳿 1994 , 1996 EMV-, 1997 MasterCard .
MasterCard Int, -㳿 : , , , , .
MasterCard Global Service 1996 , 21 130 ( 196 46 ),
, MasterCard (. 2.185). MasterCard AT&T , .
1997 MasterCard , $50 MasterCard, , , 51% Mondex International.
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1998 MasterCard/Cirrus ATM Network , MasterCard MYCAL Card
Company () MULTOS.
1999 Mondex e-cash MULTOS , - ITSEC (Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria ) -
(U.S. Treasury Bond) MasterCard [38].
. 2.20.
2000 MasterCard , .
2001 MasterCard mc2 Card , -, MasterCard, Maestro, Cirrus - MULTOS, JavaCard, .
MasterCard , .
:
MasterCard Electronic , MasterCard.
MasterCardStandart , , , MasterCard Global Service 30 .
MasterCardGold , .
MasterCardPlatinum Standard Gold, .
MasterCard World Signia , , . World MasterCard , . - .
䳿. -, , .
- . Cirrus Maestro .
37 MasterCard , , , , , , , , ϳ , 22 .
MasterCard 900 .
2005 8,22 . MasterCard, 430 . - MasterCard 7,79 . Maestro. 31 2004 . MasterCard 84% 70,86% . 31 2005 ., MasterCard ( Maestro) 150 ., 32,2% 2004 . 2005 . MasterCard 1 51 . , 19,1% 2004 . ʳ - MasterCard 70 ., 29,2% 2004 . Maestro 39,6 . .
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2.2.4.
Visa International
Visa International , , ᒺ 21000 - . Visa , . . 1958 , BankAmericard.
50- (Bank of America, Chase Manhattan Marine Midland Trust) . Diners Club American Express. 볺 , . Bank of America Fresco, California, 1956 . . 2.21. Bank of America 1959 .
Bank of America, , . , , . 1966 Bank of America 糿 , .
, , , . , , . , 1970 Bank of America National Bank Americard, Inc. (NBI), . 1976 NBI VISA USA Inc.,
VISA International [40].
VISA , , - . ViSA , , 볺
. - - VISA International .
Visa , 볺,
. Visa :
Visa , , , . .
Visa ,
, , , , , . ,
. 2.21. Bank Americard' 1959
. , , , , 22 .
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Visa . . , , , , .
VISA: VISA Electron, Visa Classic,VISA Gold, VISA Platinum, Visa Virtual [40].
VISA Electron 볺, . Visa Electron , , , 볺 ,
.
Visa Electron 9
, 760 000 Visa, . -, . , Visa Electron 볺
, 볺, .
Visa Classic , - , Visa, ,
, , . 볺, , , , .
VISA Gold
, .
Visa Gold Visa Classic . Visa Gold . Visa Gold -
Visa. 볺 . Visa Gold Visa (Visa Worlds Best Offers).
VISA Platinum , . , .
Visa. Visa Platinum
, . Visa Platinum
Visa Gold. - , - .
Visa Virtual VISA ( ), . VISA [40].
1999 .
Visa Virtual 䳿. 볺 , , Visa, , .
Visa , . Visa - , .
Visa Business Gold, Visa Business, Visa Business Electron, Visa Corporate Visa Purchasing. , . , .
, . , , .
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Visa Business , 50 .
, , ,
, ,
. , , . , Visa Business, .
Visa Business Electron Visa, . , , ϳ . Visa Business Visa Electron.
, , , , , . Visa Business Electron - , , -, , 䳿 .
Visa Corporate , . , , , , .
Visa Corporate . Visa Corporate , , .
VISA Purchasing 1994 . , , , , . ,
. $5000.
. , , , .
Visa Purchasing - - - . . , Visa. VISA Purchasing , .
Visa Distribution , , . Visa Distribution , 䳿 , .
Visa Distribution , , , [40].
Visa Distribution , , : , , , , , .
Visa . Visa, ᒺ Europay MasterCard, EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa) - . EMV , - , .
Visa . ³ (Open Platform).
, American Express, JCB MasterCard International, Visa ᒺ, (Global Platform). , - , , , , .
㳿 . . . - . , - , , , , , ..
ᒺ , , ᒺ , , , . - , , . . ֳ - , .
, , , 䳿 , -.