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UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). UART, .
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2.3.2
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.25
.25 . ' , IBM 360. .25 .
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.25 ARPAnet 1822. .25 㳿, 1976 Ѳ (Comite Consultatif Internationale de Telegraptiique et Telephonique).
1993 Ѳ ITU (International Telecommunications Union).
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ATM
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) , , - . ATM QoS (Quality of Service ). QoS , .
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2.4 㳿
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㳿 -SONET, ISDN.CATVuSMDS.
O-SONET
O optical carrier ( ), a SONET Synchronous Optical Network ( ). SONET - . SONET 20 /. SONET ATM .
, SONET SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).
SONET . 2.4.1 ( ).
2.1
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SONET ISDN.
2.4.2 ISDN
㳿 ISDN (Broadband ISDN BISDN) - SONET, FDDI {Fiber Distributed Data Interface - ) Frame Relay.
㳿, , , 璺 Internet . 㳿 DSL .