Ethernet
Ethernet, 1960 Xerox, Digital Intel 802.3, .
Ethernet . Ethernet (CSMA/CD). ( 1 ) Ethernet 10/. Fast Ethernet 100 / Gigabit Ethernet, 1 /.
, Ethernet 璺. 璺. :
NNNNBase-XX.
NNNN , /, .
, , Ethernet:
10Base5 10/, ( ) 500 . .
10Base2 㳺, , 10 / 185 .
10Base 㳺 , , 10/, 100-160.
10BaseF , 10 /, 2 . , Ethernet .
Token Ring
Token Ring 㳿 . 4 16 /. 1998 . -802.5t Token Ring 100 /. 1000 /. Token Ring IBM.
Ethernet Token Ring . Token Ring , Ethernet , . Token Ring - , Ethernet. Ethernet, .
ARCnet
ARCnet (Attached Resource Computer Network) . Ethernet Token Ring. ARCnet , ARCnet , . : 2,5 / ARCnet. ARCnet Plus 20 /. ARCnet , - .
|
|
1.3
䳿 , 㳿, , , : . , .
, :
- , ( );
- , ;
- , , .
1.3.1
, , . , , . . . (0 1) . . , , .
. , , . , .
1.3.2
, . . , .
OSI
̳ (International Organization for Standardization ISO) 䳿 OSI (Open System Interconnection Reference Model). .
OSI , , , Ethernet Token Ring. , . , . .
, . . , . г , . 7498 ISO.
OSI ` , .
, . Ethernet Token Ring 1- 2- .
( 1.8).
|
|
. . - , .
(), / ; , :
- (ES end Systems) :, , , -, .
- (IS Intermediate System) (, , ), , , , 璺.
, , , .
, . г, , . () , . , . , . , 䳔 ( 1.9).
. , . , .
. ( ) . ( ), .
. , , , .
() () .
, ᒺ 䳿. , , . , .
OSI . ` (connection-oriented) ` , , , . ϳ `. 䳿, `.
` (connectionless). . ³ , . ` `. 䳿 ` .
|
|
OSI , 䳿 , ( ). :
- ;
- ;
- .
- :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
. . . , . , . , .
:
- FT (File Transfer Protocol) , . FT- , , 볺 FT 璺 ;
- Telnet . FT, Telnet . .
- X.400 ;
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) . . /. SNMP ̲ (Management Information Base) .
г
, , , , , , .
, . , . . г .
, , , : 8, 16, 32, 64-, . : , , . г , . , , . . .
:
- SSL (Secure Socket Layer) TCP/IP.
г
. , . :
|
|
;
:
䳺;
( , );
;
( ` ).
ϳ ` : , , , , .
, ` .
䳺 .
, . . , , , . .
, , .
:
- NetBIOS (Network Basic Input (Output System) 璺 , , ;
- NetBOUI (Network Basic Extended User Interface) NetBIOS Microsoft.
. , , `. (Transport layer) , . :
- ( );
- ;
- , .
OSI ` , . ֳ : , `, ` , , , , , , . , , , , , , , .
, , ' , , , , , . , , , , ', , - ..
:
- : , , ;
- : , , , ;
- .
, , , . , . .
|
|
` . , , , , .
. `. ` , , . ` . ` ` , , ..
:
- TSP (Transmission Control Protocol) ;
- UDP (User Datagramm Protocol) `;
- SPX (Seguenced Packet Exchange) Novell NetWare `.
` , , ( ). , ` . , 㳿 (, ); ; , .
:
;
;
;
;
;
.
.
, .
, . , .
:
- IP (Internet Protocol) , TCP/IP.
- IPX .
г
, () , . , , . , ' () ', . (Data Link layer) .
, , , , . , . , . , . , . , ' , , , Ethernet frame relay.
, :
. , ; , ;
;
;
;
.
. , , , .
:
- (Media Access Control) ;
- LLC (Logical Link Control) .
г
. `.
г : , ` , `, ..
, . : 0,1. OSI.
, , , ' '.
:
;
;
;
, .
:
;
.
:
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring.
' , ("") , .
, , , .
1.3.3
ISO , , , , , , . ISO . , , . : IEEE, IETF, ITU, IEC.
1.4
: , , , , . , , ().
, . :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , , .
.
1.4.2
, . , .
, 䳿 ` . .
. , , . ( ), .
:
- CSMA/CA ( ) . . ( ) , . 糿, .