.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





(incidental learning, passive learning): , , . , , , . , . . , , . (. ) . , , (cognitive maps), , . , , (), , , ... [, 1980]. , .

(habituation): , . , . , , [, 1986]. , .


(. [, 1989]):

1)

;

2)

;

3)


;

 

4)

;

5)

,
,
;

 

6) ( -
)

(dehabituation, );

7)
, ,
. .
, (habituation of
dehabituation, ).

, , : , , , , (. . 6), (. . 5). . , .. , , [, 1969].

(learining curves). , (). , -



3.


 


 


, ( ) ( ). - , . , (cumulative response curves). , , . .

, , , , . ( ), ( ) ( ) [, 1950]. . , , , , [Gottlieb, 1988] (. . , ).

, , , . . . , , , [, 1950]. , , . -


, (. [. 1980]). , , , , , , (., : [Kling. 1971, . 612]). . , .. , , , , ( , Vincent curves). -; , 25, 50, 75, 100%- ( , Melton curves). , 100%- (backward learning curves) [Kling, 1971].

, - . , (L = b0 + b,xN + + 2 N2), .(L = 0 + + bj x Log(N)), (L = 0 + Nbl) S- (Log(L) = 0 + b,/N), L , N - - , 0, ,, (. : [Millward, 1971: Noble, 1968]).

(context specific learning). , , ,


3.5.



 


 


, . , , (state-dependent learning).

(one-trial learning). . , , . , , . .. [Fitts, 1964] , , , [ , . 261]. (all-or-nothing learning). (continuity theory), . , , ( ) ( ).

, (imitation, modeling) , , . , . - ; . , . [, 1986].


, , . .

, , -, [, 1995]. .: , , , . . (1976) , , , . .

, (observational learning). ., . , , (, ). , - . [, , 1984].

(imprinting): , , , . . .



3.


 


 


, . , ( ), ( , , 1050 ), , -. , . , , , , . , -, , , , . , , , [, 1983]. ( ), , . . , . , , , [, 1986]. , , . -, . , [, 1973].

, -


, . -, , , - ( ), , ( ). [, 1986]. , .

(transfer). :

1. (transfer of trai
ning)
,

, .

,
/
/ .


, .

2. ()
(transfer by generalization, transfer of princip
les).


(, -
.).

3.
,
(
), , .
.

.

. , . . , , , .

, . -


3.5.



 


 


, , , [, 1997). , .

 

 

 

 

-
  II III
1- 2- 3-
4-

, , , 1 2 ( ), 3 4 ( ).

, , , , . , 1, 2 3, 4.

, . (proactive facilitation) , (proactive inhibition) . (interferention) , . .

, , .

, , (warm-up). , , (postural set), (attentive, adjustment)


(attitude). ( ) -, , .

(learning-to-learn). . , , . , , , , [Keppel, 1968].

, . , ( ), , . , , , -- [Postman, 1971]. , .

, , , . . , [Postman, 1971]:

1. ,


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