(incidental learning, passive learning): , , . , , , . , . . , , . (. ) . , , (cognitive maps), , . , , (), , , ... [, 1980]. , .
(habituation): , . , . , , [, 1986]. , .
(. [, 1989]):
1)
;
2)
;
3)
;
4)
;
5)
,
,
;
6) ( -
)
(dehabituation, );
7)
, ,
. .
, (habituation of
dehabituation, ).
, , : , , , , (. . 6), (. . 5). . , .. , , [, 1969].
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(learining curves). , (). , -
3.
, ( ) ( ). - , . , (cumulative response curves). , , . .
, , , , . ( ), ( ) ( ) [, 1950]. . , , , , [Gottlieb, 1988] (. . , ).
, , , . . . , , , [, 1950]. , , . -
, (. [. 1980]). , , , , , , (., : [Kling. 1971, . 612]). . , .. , , , , ( , Vincent curves). -; , 25, 50, 75, 100%- ( , Melton curves). , 100%- (backward learning curves) [Kling, 1971].
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, - . , (L = b0 + b,xN + + 2 N2), .(L = 0 + + bj x Log(N)), (L = 0 + Nbl) S- (Log(L) = 0 + b,/N), L , N - - , 0, ,, (. : [Millward, 1971: Noble, 1968]).
(context specific learning). , , ,
3.5.
, . , , (state-dependent learning).
(one-trial learning). . , , . , , . .. [Fitts, 1964] , , , [ , . 261]. (all-or-nothing learning). (continuity theory), . , , ( ) ( ).
, (imitation, modeling) , , . , . - ; . , . [, 1986].
, , . .
, , -, [, 1995]. .: , , , . . (1976) , , , . .
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, (observational learning). ., . , , (, ). , - . [, , 1984].
(imprinting): , , , . . .
3.
, . , ( ), ( , , 1050 ), , -. , . , , , , . , -, , , , . , , , [, 1983]. ( ), , . . , . , , , [, 1986]. , , . -, . , [, 1973].
, -
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|
, . -, , , - ( ), , ( ). [, 1986]. , .
(transfer). :
1. (transfer of trai
ning)
,
, .
,
/
/ .
, .
2. ()
(transfer by generalization, transfer of princip
les).
(, -
.).
3.
,
(
), , .
.
.
. , . . , , , .
, . -
3.5.
, , , [, 1997). , .
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II | III | |||
1- 2- 3- | ||||
4- |
, , , 1 2 ( ), 3 4 ( ).
, , , , . , 1, 2 3, 4.
, . (proactive facilitation) , (proactive inhibition) . (interferention) , . .
, , .
, , (warm-up). , , (postural set), (attentive, adjustment)
(attitude). ( ) -, , .
(learning-to-learn). . , , . , , , , [Keppel, 1968].
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, . , ( ), , . , , , -- [Postman, 1971]. , .
, , , . . , [Postman, 1971]:
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