, , , , ().
. . (..) , , . , ( ) ( ). ():
1. , , . N20, 20, l20, I20, g0, Fe0 ..
2. .
, .
+1 +7 -2
HClO4
-2
-2 Cl -2 +
-2 2,1
Cl 3,0
3,5
() , , , Cl4.
, :
N ≡ N (N) = 3; ..(N) = 0
+
+ C-2 -2 +
+
(C) = 2,5 () = 4 ..() = -2
() = 3,5 () = 2 ..() = -2
() = 2,1 () = 1 ..() = +1
3. , .
. , , (N) , . , III : Na+, Mg+2, Al+3, Si+4, P+5, S+6, Cl+7. , , , , , : , , , . , , , I .
, ns2n6 (N-8), N , . , III : Si-4, P-3, S-2,Clˉ. ..= 0, .
. , , +4, .
4. :
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) (+1);
) ( g) (+2); (+1) (+2);
) Al+3;
) F-
+1 -1 +2 -1
) H+, (NaH, CaH2 ..), (-1);
+1 -1 +2 -1
) -2, (22, 2 ..), (-1),
+1 -1/2 +1 -1/2
(2, NaO2 ..), ½,
+2 -1
F2, .. (+2).
5. . , , .
34. , , (+1) (-2) , : (+1)*3++(-2)*4 = 0, = +5.
(Cr27)2-.
(-2), , 2 +(-2)*7 = -2, = +6.
, .. . ,
+1 -1 +2 -1 +3 -1
: NaI, MgCl2, AlF3. , .
:
1. , . , , ; , . , , . :
Al 3e- Al3+
H2 2e- 2H+
Fe 2+ - e- Fe3+
2. , . , , ; , . , , . :
S + 2e- S2-
Cl2 + 2e- 2 Cl ˉ
Fe3+ + e- Fe 2+
3. , , . , FeCI2 Fe2+, FeCI3 Fe3+.
4. , , . , .
5. , , , .
- . :
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