:
) : σ (τ) σ (τ) ;
) : σr (τr).
. , , , . .
( ). , . Kd :
σ = Kd σ, σ = KdσB, σ1 = Kdσ1 (16)
.
Kd .
. , , ' .
(, , , ), , (. 4.6,).
³ σ (τ) ( ) :
ασ = σ/σ; ατ = τ/τ. (17)
ασ ατ . , ' , , ασ ατ, , . ֳ , , . ,
sσ= σ /σ; Ksτ = τ/τ (18)
σ = σ1/σ1 ; τ = τ1/τ1 . (19)
̳ :
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ασ >>σ ατ >> τ .
(, ) Ksσ Ksτ . ҳ ( ) Ksσ Ksτ 1,31,4.
. 2,53,0 .
. . ' , . σR. σR σ.
(, ), , . = 1,20... 1,50 ( , ).
= 1, , , (, ), = 0,75...0,90. , (, , , = 0,15...0,40).
. , 䳺 , , , , .
h . , , .
³, , . ' σm R N , , , , . . , . 4.7, .
: , N0, . ,
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σm lg N (. 4.7, ).
N0, , , σR .
, NN < N0, , σN (. 4.7).
. .
Nσm = const, (20)
m = 6... 10 .
(20), ' σR σN :
,
, (21)
kl ,
. (22)
N ' h . (h, ) n, 1 ( ), Nh = 3600nh. Nh < N0 KL> 1, σN > σR . Nh > N0, KL, σN = σR ( ).
' , , , .
KL .
h1 σ1 n1 (. 4.8, ), h2 σ2
n2 . . h1 h2,..., h
N1 = n1h1 ; N2 = n2h2; N = nh;
N∑ = ∑N = ∑nh = nEh, (23)
.
σ1 N∑ , σ1 N1 , N∑. .
볭 . : , , . :
∑ N /N ≈ 1 (24)
N 䳿 σ; N .
(24)
σ = σm = σ1, NE < N∑ h, σ < σ1 N∑ h.
σ = σm NE (. 4.8, ).
(24) σm:
∑(N σm)/(N σm) = 1.
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, N0σRm : ∑N σm = N0 σRm = const. (25)
(25) 䳺 NE:
∑N σm = NE σmm. (26)
NE = ∑(σ /σm)m N = ∑(σ /σm)m n h = nE h∑(σ /σm)m (n/n) (hi/h).
(23),
= ∑(σ /σm)m (n/n) (hi/h); (27)
NE = KE N∑. (28)
. , , < 1 NE < N∑ (22) : (29)
³ σ /σm (27) F/F T/T. σ F , , m (27) . σ F , , m/2. ³ .
,
KE = ∑(Ft/F)m (n/nE) (hi/h);
KE = ∑(t/)m (n/nE) (hi/h). (30)
K = ∑(Ft/F)m/2 (n/nE) (hi/h). (31)
(. . 2.3) . 4.1 , , n/nE = 1.
m , N0 .
. σlim :
, ,
σlim = σT KdT/Ksσ, τlim = τ Kd/Ksτ; (32)
, ,
σlim = σB KdB/Ksσ, τlim = τB KdB/Ksτ (33)
, , σlim = σR Kd KM KL/Kσ;
τlim = τR Kd KM KL/Kτ. (34)
:
Kd ≤ 1 ; [Ksσ (Ksτ); Kσ (Kτ)] ≥ 1 ; 1 , ; KL ≥ 1 [. (22) (29)].