һ
3- 6 091 700: , , ,
1.
2.
3. ,
2011 .
..., . .
: . . ., . .
7 3 2011 .
/
. 8 6 2011 .
. / ., . .
..., . .
.
1.
....4
.4
1.1. .....6
2. .....7
2.1. ..7
2.2. 11
2.3 .13
3. , .....16
3.1. .16
3.1.1. . 16
3.1.2. 酅...17
3.2. ..19
3.3. ..19
1. .19
2.
(+3).21
3. ....21
c : .
. .22
|
|
|
.25
1.
1.1.
:
*** : 
, 3,
: d - , l - .
*** S(.) = S/V ≈ s/v, 3,
S V ; s v - .
*** :
ν = m ()/ m( ).
*** : nd = ν/NA.
*** () : cd = nd / V().
*** :
Md = m ( ) × NA, /
:
NA = 6,02 × 1023 -1
R = 8,314 / ( ) R = 62,36 ( . .)/
1 . . = 1,66 ×10-24
k = R/ NA = 1,38×10-23 /
1. .
D :
(1)
η :
(2)
(1) (2), :
(3)
1. 1,5 ×10-9 300.
.
(3). R/ NA = k ; η (2) = 1 ×10-3 /2.
(3) .
2.
r η :
F = 
(4),
U .
G :
(5),
ρ - , ρ0 , g - .
G = F:
(6)
, η(2) = 1×10-3 /2, ρ = 1000 /3, (6) :
(7)
τ, : 
. (ρ ρ0) < 0 , (ρ ρ0) > 0 .
