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I

, .

, , , . 200 , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , , .

XVII . , . - . -


. . , , , , , , . XVIII . , , . . , - . , . . XVIII . . 56 1776 26 . 1781 .

1787 , , . 1789 13 . . . . , , , . .

, . , , .


, , XIX , .

, , , , , . , . , . . , , .

. - , , . . , , , . , , , . ( . Wenger, aaO; Kimball, aaO, . 205 ff., 267 ff.)

. , , . XIX -


. (1829-1837), , , .

, . , , , , . . , , , , . , , , . 1935 , 1933 . , , . , .

, . . . , , . ( ).

. . , -


, , . , , . , , . ( . Kayser. Die Auswahl der Richter in der englischen u. americanischen Rechtspraxis, 1969, Abraham, aaO, p. 23 ff.; Honnold, aaO, p. 195 ff.)

(Bar associations) , . ( ), , .

, , , . , . , , .

, .

, - .

XIX . 1811 , . , . , , -


, , - . . enof .

- , , . - 1848 . , . 1865 , , . , . , , , - , , .

- , . . , , .

, , , . , . , , , , .


-, , . . 1857 - , , , .

. 1860 , , . , . , , . , , .

II

. , , . , , , , .

, .

, (1850). , , , -


. : , . , , , : , . , , - : ; , , , .

, , . , .

, . - , , . XVIII , . , 1829 , , , . , 12 . , -


, , . 1870 .

. , , . (case method) , . , . , . . , , . , .

, XX . . , , , . , XX , . -


, , ] 1887 . 1890 i , 1914 .. ! . -, - , , , , , , , , . , . .

, , , , . , , , - .

. 1930- . , 1925 , 10 60 . , , .

. :


(Lochner v. State of New York, 198, US, 45, 1905). 1918 , , 14 (. Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247, US, 251, 1918).

. , 1930 , , . , , . 1936 , , , , 70 . fo 70 .

: , , (New York Times, 10.03.1937, p. 1). , , , , . : A switch in time saved nine ( , ).

, , , . , , . 1910 1930 .


(1881) , , , , , . : . , , , , , , , , (, .1).

, , . . . , , , .

(black-letter rules), - , - .

. . , , (social engineer), , , . . :

, .


, , , , , , , . , , , , . , , (Pound. The Need of Sociological Jurisprudence, Green bag, 19, 1907, 611-612; Rumble, aaO, p. 13).

1930- , . , . , . ., , , , . , , , . , , (The Path of Law. Harv. L. Rev. 10, 1897, 457, 460 ff.). . , , , , (. Llewellyn. The Bramble Bush, 1951, 12).

, , , , . , ,


, . , , . , , , , . ( ) , . , .

, .

, , , . . , : , ... " " (Yntema, aaO, . 325). , , , , , , , .


, , , . .

, 1907 , , Mller v. Oregon (208, US, 412, 1908), - , . , , . . , , , . , - , . , . , .

, , . (1977) . , , . , , , , , ,


. , , . , : , , , , , , .

, , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , .

. . . . (Assmaim/Kirchner/ SCHANZE Hrsg. konomische Analyse des Rechts, 1978).

(., , B.Horn. Zur konomischen Rationalitt des Privatrechts. Die Privatrechtstheoretische; Verwertbarkeit der Economic Analysis of Law, AcP, 176, 1976, 307; Behrens. Aspekte einer konomischen Theorie des Rechts, Rechtstheorie, 12, 1981, 472). , , , , , -


, , .

III

, , - , (. Griswold, aaO, . 3). , , , , , , , .

, . - , , , , , , . , 50 . : , , , ?

, , . 8 . I , , . 1819 ,


, , (. McCulloch v. Maryland, 4, Wheat, 316, 1819).

. , . . , , , . , , , , , .

, , . , 50 , , , , . , -. , , - , , , , , .

, , ,


. . . , , , , - . , , , , , . , , . . , , , . , - .

, . , .

, , (Restatement). 1933 , . , , . . -. , , - , , .


, , . , , , , . , , , - , , , , , .

. .

, , . , - , , . , . , , .

XIX , . . . ,


. 1892 , , , , , . , , , . .

, , .

(Uniform Commercial Code). 1940 , , , , - , . , , .

1952 , , , , , . 1956 , , . , , . , , -, , , , , .., (. Malcolm. The Uniform Commercial Code in the United States, Int. . L. Q., 12, 1963, 226).

, , . , -


, | , , , , . , - , . . , , , ( , ) , , . , , . , , , .

. , , . , , . , . , (. Schlesinger, aaO, . 6 ff.).

, , . , , 1 . III , , , . 1789 , , , , .


100 . . . , . , . 500. .

12 . . . 168 . .

. . .

, , , 1925 , , . , , , (certiorari), . . , - , . certiorari , , . (per curiam).

, per curiam . , , .

, , . , , , - - , . -


. , , , . 1985-1986 273 4374, , 161 .

, - .

, , , .

, . . , , (traffic courts), - , (small claim courts), . , (county courts), (district courts), - (Supreme Court). , . . 15 .

. , . , , , (Federal Question Jurisdiction).


, , , . , , () (diversity of citizenship jurisdiction). , 10 . . , - , . , .

, , (diversity of citizenship), , , , , , ; .

, . Swift v. Tyson (16, Pet. 1, 1842) 100 , , , , , , , . , , , . . , , . / - . Erie Railroad v. Tompkins (304, US, 64, 1938) ,


, , ( ) , . : , , , .





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