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1. If placed in an open air, iron rusts and deteriorates. 2. The three important properties affecting the flow of current in an electric circuit are voltage, resistance, and capacity. 3. Hydrogen is the lightest known gas, the density of air being about 14.5 times as great. 4. Kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses as a result of its speed. 5. Solids or gases dissolved in liquids are found to change the boiling point of the liquids. 6. We know the alternating current to be continually changing its direction. 7. Each organ has its own work to do. 8. Australia formerly regarded as an insignificant colony began attracting settlers after the gold-fields had been discovered in 1850. 9. Radiation sickness is an aftermath of the gamma-rays and neutrons people absorb at the time of atomic bomb explosion. 10. When speaking about electricity produced by friction, we should always remember the name of V.V.Petrov who made first experiments on the electrification of metals by friction.
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B
1. When heated or subjected to strong electric changes the cathode emits large quantities of electrons. 2. The radioactive changes of matter occur of their own accord; we cannot stop or start them. 3. A body when wholly or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by the fluid. 4. The number of cycles per second is the frequency of the alternating current, the most common a.c. frequency being 50 c.p.s. 5. The amount of current a cell produces depends on the resistance this current must pass through and on the electromotive force the cell possesses. 6. The guns to fire the victory salute were stationed everywhere in the city. 7. We know iron to be magnetized in the presence of a magnet. 8. Any body, which is capable of doing work, is said to have energy. 9. While experimenting with his scheme Popov discovered the scheme to respond readily to sudden changes of electrical conditions in the atmosphere. 10. In the wire with a high resistance the current it consumes is dissipated in the form of heat. 11. A beaker filled with cold water and held over a flame of burning hydrogen, will condense the steam to droplets of water.
C
1. Russia considers any policy, which envisage support of espionage and sabotage activities in other countries to be incompatible with normal international relations. 2. Having overcome the economic backwardness inherited from the Civil War, the Soviet Union has increased its output of means of production 83-fold, as compared to 1913. 3. Policy of strength has been effective only when used against the weak. 4. The peace proposal put forward by our delegation was turned down by the Anglo-American bloc. 5. In March 1955 the industrial production index in the USA began to fall, this fall becoming particularly perceptible in the second half of the year. 6. The four weeks our delegation spent in China were very crowded indeed.
1. Alpha, gamma, and beta rays are affected differently by a magnetic field, showing them to have different electrical charges. 2. The physical laboratory where Popov worked was considered to be the best in Russia at that time.3. May 7, 1895 is considered to be the date of the invention of the radio by A.S.Popov. 4. Our scientists were faced with many complicated theoretical and practical problems when constructing the first atomic power station. 5. In the jet-motor the mixture of air-diffused fuel is ignited by the spark plug. 6. Voltage, resistance, and capacity are the three important properties to influence the flow of current in an electric circuit. 7. Christopher Columbus thought the land he discovered to be India. 8. The answer to the question of growing economic difficulties for the average Spaniard lies in the economic processes now taking place in the Spain. 9. Methods recently followed in shipbuilding industry have been replaced by a more effective system.
Practicum
A
LIQUID CRYSTAL ACOUSTICS. Penn State physicist Jay Patel seeks to understand the optical properties of liquid crystals which, consisting of rod shaped molecules with the ability to polarize light, are regularly employed in electronic displays; an applied voltage lines up the rods and shuts off or turns on transmitted light.
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So it came as a big surprise when Patel discovered that liquid crystals also have acoustic properties. To be precise, an applied voltage imparts energy to the rod molecules, which in turn cause the cavity in which the liquid crystal resides to vibrate. The cavity resonates with an audible frequency that could be heard with the unaided ear. (An analogy: the strings of a violin arent what make sound; rather they transmit the energy of the bow to the body of the violin whose vibrations are source of the music we hear.) Unsure of the implications of liquid crystal sound (tiny speakers, delay lines for circuits?), Patel and his colleagues suspect that this discovery will lead to a fruitful new research area.
CLAY OSCILLONS. Nature often sorts energy into certain preferred forms such as the unique spectrum of colors emitted by heated atoms or the characteristic note sounded by an organ pipe.
This energy sorting can even turn up in a granular material. For example, a few years ago scientists discovered that collections of tiny metal balls, when shaken slightly up and down, vested some of their energy in the form of tiny waterspout heaps called oscillons Now physicists at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem have observed a similar effect in a colloid, a fluid material (e.g., milk) in which tiny particles (in this case small bits of clay) are suspended in a solvent. Granular media and suspensions are very different in nature grains are discrete objects that collide directly with each other whereas the particles in colloids interact via the medium of the solvent fluid so the appearance of oscillons in both materials might represent some universal manifestation of driven nonlinear systems. The researchers are not yet sure where localized oscillon states would turn up in the natural world. One possibility is earthquakes.
Oscillon-like states may explain the localized and highly variable damage (or intense ground acceleration), which, in many cases, occurs in poorly, consolidated sediments (in analogy to the clay sediments used in the experiments) at relatively large distances from an earthquakes epicenter.
VISUALIZING ELECTRONIC ORBITALS. The image of an atom is really the image of its outermost electrons or, to be more precise still, the image of the averaged likelihood that the electrons will be at various places. For any but the innermost electrons, the shape of this likelihood surface (or orbital) will be non-spherical in shape. Physicists at Arizona State have now actually imaged these orbitals for the first time and shown that they look just the drawings used in quantum textbooks for decades. Using a combination of x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy the ASU scientists produced a 3D map of the orbitals of copper atoms and their bonds with neighboring atoms in a cuprite (Cu2O) compound. The images of Cu-O and Cu-Cu bonds might provide insight into the workings of high temperature superconductors, in which the whereabouts of electrons and holes (the voids left by vacated electrons) are crucial.
B
