, , . , , , , , .
, () , -
, . , , . , , . (1961, . 95 98).
accommodate fit, take
accomplish do, carry out
accordingly so
achieve get, reach
activate start
additional extra, more
admissible allowed
advantageous useful, good
aggregate total, sum
agitate stir, excite
alleviate ease
ameliorate reduce, improve
antedate precede, before
antithesis opposite
apparent clear, plain
apparently seems
applicable applies, fits
approximately about
ascertain learn, find out
assimilate absorb, digest
attempt try
attractive good
bilateral two-sided
capable able
cognizant aware
commence begin, start
component part
conception idea, thought
conference meeting
conjecture guess
consequently so
considerable much
consists has
construct build, make
consummation result
contiguous next to, near, touching
continuous steady, unbroken
convenient handy
criterion test, rule, standard
deficiency lack
desirable wanted
development growth, change
diminish drop, lessen
diminution less, decrease, drop
discussion talk
disengage free, let go
distribute spread, allot
duplicate copy
dynamic active, swift
effect make, do, bring about
effective works
elevated high
elevation height
emphasize stress
encounter meet
endeavor try
equivalent equal
evaluate test, try out
evident plain, clear
evolution change, growth
expenditure cost
experiment test
external outer
fabricate make, build
facilitate ease
formulate draw up
fragment piece
frequently often
function job, task, role
furthermore then, also, too
generate produce, give
gravitate approach, settle
hence so
identical same
illustrate show
immediately at, once impair harm imparts gives inapplicable imsuited inasmuch because incombustible fireproof indicate show indication sign ineffectual useless inexpensive cheap initiate begin, start inundate flood isolate separate jeopardize risk justification excuse juxtapposition alongside liberate free likewise and, also luminous bright, shining magnitude size, range manufacture make maximal highest, most minimal least modification change moreover next, also necessary needed necessitate need, require nevertheless but, however objective aim, goal oblique slanting observe see, note occupy fill, take up operate work, run operational working optimal best optimize make best optimum best orifice hole outstanding main paramount main, chief partially partly penetrate pierce, enter periphery outer edge pertaining related pictured shown predominant main
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principal main, chief prior before problematical doubtful, a
guess
procedure way, method proportion part prototype model provide give, allow quadrilateral four-sided recognize know, accept reconstruct remake refrigerate cool remainder the rest reproduction copy require need requisite needed saturate soak, fill segment part segregate separate, sift selection choice similar like situated placed, is solitary lone stated said subsequently after, later,
then
substantial much, large sufficient enough supersede replace symptomatic shows tabulation list, table technicality detail technique way, method terminate end therefore so thus so
transverse crosswise ultimate last, final unavailability lack uniform same variation change velocity speed virtually almost visualize see voluminous bulky, big withstand stand, resist
, , The Language of Science A guide to effective writing. , . . : , : activate, antithesis, assimilate, component, conception, conference, construct, criterion, discussion, dynamic, effective, equivalent, evolution, experiment, fragment, identical, initiate, isolate, maximal, minimal, modification, optimal, periphery, problematical, procedure, proportion, prototype, reconstruct, segment, segregate, selection, symptomatic, technique, variation. (, to visualize , a to see ) (: saturated compounds soaked (or filled) compounds).
. : , . , . , , (1915, . 75).
. , , , , , , . . , , . . : , . , , , ( . . 7. II 1963 .). , , , , . . ,
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, . . . . , , , . , , . , , . (1959, . 70). , , , , , . , () , .
. , , (. . , 1957, . 54). , essentially, fundamentally, relatively (, 1961, . 9598), . . , : , , , , , . . . , , , 18 , , - , . . , , . (1928, . XXXVI). . , , , , (, 1959, . 68). , , , (, 1951, . 76).
.
, , () , . , , , (space wasters) (., , . , 1956, . 78), .
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. (1960), . (1961), . (1959), . (1956). . Despite the fact that (-although), in the matter of (-about), in respect to (-about), a long period of time (-a long time), in the capacity of (-as), resembling in nature (-like), in some instances (-sometimes), to make an attempt (-to try), to reach a decision (-to decide), signed an agreement providing for (-agreed to), to be in favour of (-to favour), it is the belief of (-he believes), it is in the process of being (-is being), exhibits a tendency (-tends), due to the fact that (-because), in connexion with (-concerning, for, in), inasmuch as (-since, because), with the object to, prior to, previous to (-before), subsequent to (-after), provided that, providing that (-if), as regards, with regard to (-for), majority of cases (-most often), in the neighbourhood of, in the vicinity of (-near, about, approximately), a major consideration (-important), entail considerable expenditure (-expensive), approximately (-about), capable of (-can), at the present time (-now, nowadays), great majority (-nearly all), an excessive amount of (-too much), an increased amount of (-more), a great deal of (-much), a large number of (-many), a decreased amount of (-less), a smaller amount of (-fewer), increased in length (-lengthened), increased in width (-widened), decreased in length (-shortened), adjacent to (near to, next to), the question as to whether (-whether), there is no doubt but that (-no doubt, doubtless), used for fuel purposes (-used for fuel), in a hasty manner (-hastily), this is a subject that (-this subject), his story is a strange one (-his story is strange), in addition to this (-besides), in a quiet manner (-quietly).
. , , : in respect to, in some instances, to make an attempt, to be in favour of, it is the belief of, exhibits a tendency, due to the fact that, in connexion with, inasmuch as, with the object to, prior to, previous to, subsequent to, provided (that), providing (that), as regards, with regard to, majority of; cases, in the neighbourhood of, in the vicinity of, a major consideration, approximately, capable of, great majority, an excessive amount, a great deal of, a large number of, adjacent to, the question as to whether, this is a subject that, in addition to, , .
, - , , , . . . (1948), . (1962). .
. , (1963), , , , . through thru, , , , , , , , , (, 1959, . 60). . , - . - , , , , . . - , (, 1948, . 2).
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, , . , . .
IX. ,
, , , . , , . . 1874 . . :
The phrase 'the house is being built' for 'the house is building' is an awkward neologism, which neither convenience,
intelligibility, nor syntactical congruity demands, and the use of which should therefore be discountenanced, as an attempt at the artificial improvement of the language in a point which needed no amendment (. 649).
, the house is building , a the house is being built . , , , . , , , , . , , , , (. , 1963, . 41). , . , , . , . , , , . . , . , , . , , , . (1962, . 375). . , , . , , : due to, involve, alternative, less.
Due to. , due to : Due to the reaction proceeding with a catalyst, the results were very favourable, The shares fell rapidly due to unfounded rumours (. , , 1927; , 1956; , 1967; , 1959; , 1959; , 1960; , I960). due to owing to because of.
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due to . . due to , , (1960), , -, : failed due to faulty training. due to , . (1963). owing to, caused by, on account of, because of. due to (. , 1962). . , due to . , due to owing to, (, 1960). . , , , (1931, . 560561).
. , due to , : , due to , , ... , (Less opencast coal was produced last week due to the weather), , , (1948, . 76).
. . (1932, . 125), due to . . (1962, . 81) due to, because of, owing to. due to 34%, : due to 30%, because of 62%, owing to 8%. to be due to due to 65 35%. , due to , . , , . .
Involve. , . , : , , , - - .
. , . (. 243). to involve . , , . involved (1962, . 106). . , , - : This procedure involves certain difficulties (1961, . 16). , . , , . , . . An accident took place in which a blue saloon car and cyclist were involved. The appearance of the bicycle indicated that another vehicle was involved (1948, . 55).
, , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , . to involve , , , , . . , . , , , .
Alternative. 1961 . : Alternative ( : , , ). alternative , (). , , ,
(. 178). : alternative (. , , 1962; , 1957; , 1960).
. alternative , : a third alternative, . (1928), . (1956) , , , .... (1960) : My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives. . : alternative , , , . ; alternative , (1962, . 21). . alternative , . , , , , (1948, . 50). , , , alternative , . : At the beginning of the war the finding of alternative accommodation for those displaced by requisitioning or bombing caused many a headache. The jingle has proved disastrously infective. The word is taking its place with vague generic nouns like emergency and vague prepositional phrases like in relation to as a device for saving the writer the trouble of thinking of the right word. The Ministry of Health announced in the spring of 1947 that owing to the severe winter the house-building programme for the year had been abandoned, and added that no alternative programme would be issued. They might have said other, new, fresh or revised, but alternative must be wrong. There is nothing for it to be an alternative to; the old programme is torn up. Alternative must imply a choice between two or more things (p. 50).
, alternative , , , , , , , ( . 51).
Less. , less : There is less milk than I thought, a fewer : There are fewer apples in this barrel, than in that one. less fewer. , . less , . (1962, . 129), , , . . (1956, . 58): English for example, has less than forty-five phonemes. . (1962,.. 175) , less fewer than ( . ). . : ...not less than 5,000,000,000 land birds.