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VIII. II




, , . , , , , , .

, () , -


, . , , . , , . (1961, . 95 98).


accommodate fit, take

accomplish do, carry out

accordingly so

achieve get, reach

activate start

additional extra, more

admissible allowed

advantageous useful, good

aggregate total, sum

agitate stir, excite

alleviate ease

ameliorate reduce, improve

antedate precede, before

antithesis opposite

apparent clear, plain

apparently seems

applicable applies, fits

approximately about

ascertain learn, find out

assimilate absorb, digest

attempt try

attractive good

bilateral two-sided

capable able

cognizant aware

commence begin, start

component part

conception idea, thought

conference meeting

conjecture guess

consequently so

considerable much

consists has

construct build, make

consummation result

contiguous next to, near, touching

continuous steady, unbroken

convenient handy


criterion test, rule, standard

deficiency lack

desirable wanted

development growth, change

diminish drop, lessen

diminution less, decrease, drop

discussion talk

disengage free, let go

distribute spread, allot

duplicate copy

dynamic active, swift

effect make, do, bring about

effective works

elevated high

elevation height

emphasize stress

encounter meet

endeavor try

equivalent equal

evaluate test, try out

evident plain, clear

evolution change, growth

expenditure cost

experiment test

external outer

fabricate make, build

facilitate ease

formulate draw up

fragment piece

frequently often

function job, task, role

furthermore then, also, too

generate produce, give

gravitate approach, settle

hence so

identical same

illustrate show



immediately at, once impair harm imparts gives inapplicable imsuited inasmuch because incombustible fireproof indicate show indication sign ineffectual useless inexpensive cheap initiate begin, start inundate flood isolate separate jeopardize risk justification excuse juxtapposition alongside liberate free likewise and, also luminous bright, shining magnitude size, range manufacture make maximal highest, most minimal least modification change moreover next, also necessary needed necessitate need, require nevertheless but, however objective aim, goal oblique slanting observe see, note occupy fill, take up operate work, run operational working optimal best optimize make best optimum best orifice hole outstanding main paramount main, chief partially partly penetrate pierce, enter periphery outer edge pertaining related pictured shown predominant main


principal main, chief prior before problematical doubtful, a

guess

procedure way, method proportion part prototype model provide give, allow quadrilateral four-sided recognize know, accept reconstruct remake refrigerate cool remainder the rest reproduction copy require need requisite needed saturate soak, fill segment part segregate separate, sift selection choice similar like situated placed, is solitary lone stated said subsequently after, later,

then

substantial much, large sufficient enough supersede replace symptomatic shows tabulation list, table technicality detail technique way, method terminate end therefore so thus so

transverse crosswise ultimate last, final unavailability lack uniform same variation change velocity speed virtually almost visualize see voluminous bulky, big withstand stand, resist



, , The Language of Science A guide to effective writing. , . . : , : activate, antithesis, assimilate, component, conception, conference, construct, criterion, discussion, dynamic, effective, equivalent, evolution, experiment, fragment, identical, initiate, isolate, maximal, minimal, modification, optimal, periphery, problematical, procedure, proportion, prototype, reconstruct, segment, segregate, selection, symptomatic, technique, variation. (, to visualize , a to see ) (: saturated compounds soaked (or filled) compounds).

. : , . , . , , (1915, . 75).

. , , , , , , . . , , . . : , . , , , ( . . 7. II 1963 .). , , , , . . ,


, . . . . , , , . , , . , , . (1959, . 70). , , , , , . , () , .

. , , (. . , 1957, . 54). , essentially, fundamentally, relatively (, 1961, . 9598), . . , : , , , , , . . . , , , 18 , , - , . . , , . (1928, . XXXVI). . , , , , (, 1959, . 68). , , , (, 1951, . 76).

.


, , () , . , , , (space wasters) (., , . , 1956, . 78), .

. (1960), . (1961), . (1959), . (1956). . Despite the fact that (-although), in the matter of (-about), in respect to (-about), a long period of time (-a long time), in the capacity of (-as), resembling in nature (-like), in some instances (-sometimes), to make an attempt (-to try), to reach a decision (-to decide), signed an agreement providing for (-agreed to), to be in favour of (-to favour), it is the belief of (-he believes), it is in the process of being (-is being), exhibits a tendency (-tends), due to the fact that (-because), in connexion with (-concerning, for, in), inasmuch as (-since, because), with the object to, prior to, previous to (-before), subsequent to (-after), provided that, providing that (-if), as regards, with regard to (-for), majority of cases (-most often), in the neighbourhood of, in the vicinity of (-near, about, approximately), a major consideration (-important), entail considerable expenditure (-expensive), approximately (-about), capable of (-can), at the present time (-now, nowadays), great majority (-nearly all), an excessive amount of (-too much), an increased amount of (-more), a great deal of (-much), a large number of (-many), a decreased amount of (-less), a smaller amount of (-fewer), increased in length (-lengthened), increased in width (-widened), decreased in length (-shortened), adjacent to (near to, next to), the question as to whether (-whether), there is no doubt but that (-no doubt, doubtless), used for fuel purposes (-used for fuel), in a hasty manner (-hastily), this is a subject that (-this subject), his story is a strange one (-his story is strange), in addition to this (-besides), in a quiet manner (-quietly).

. , , : in respect to, in some instances, to make an attempt, to be in favour of, it is the belief of, exhibits a tendency, due to the fact that, in connexion with, inasmuch as, with the object to, prior to, previous to, subsequent to, provided (that), providing (that), as regards, with regard to, majority of; cases, in the neighbourhood of, in the vicinity of, a major consideration, approximately, capable of, great majority, an excessive amount, a great deal of, a large number of, adjacent to, the question as to whether, this is a subject that, in addition to, , .


, - , , , . . . (1948), . (1962). .

. , (1963), , , , . through thru, , , , , , , , , (, 1959, . 60). . , - . - , , , , . . - , (, 1948, . 2).

, , . , . .

IX. ,

, , , . , , . . 1874 . . :

The phrase 'the house is being built' for 'the house is building' is an awkward neologism, which neither convenience,


intelligibility, nor syntactical congruity demands, and the use of which should therefore be discountenanced, as an attempt at the artificial improvement of the language in a point which needed no amendment (. 649).

, the house is building , a the house is being built . , , , . , , , , . , , , , (. , 1963, . 41). , . , , . , . , , , . . , . , , . , , , . (1962, . 375). . , , . , , : due to, involve, alternative, less.

Due to. , due to : Due to the reaction proceeding with a catalyst, the results were very favourable, The shares fell rapidly due to unfounded rumours (. , , 1927; , 1956; , 1967; , 1959; , 1959; , 1960; , I960). due to owing to because of.


due to . . due to , , (1960), , -, : failed due to faulty training. due to , . (1963). owing to, caused by, on account of, because of. due to (. , 1962). . , due to . , due to owing to, (, 1960). . , , , (1931, . 560561).

. , due to , : , due to , , ... , (Less opencast coal was produced last week due to the weather), , , (1948, . 76).

. . (1932, . 125), due to . . (1962, . 81) due to, because of, owing to. due to 34%, : due to 30%, because of 62%, owing to 8%. to be due to due to 65 35%. , due to , . , , . .

Involve. , . , : , , , - - .


. , . (. 243). to involve . , , . involved (1962, . 106). . , , - : This procedure involves certain difficulties (1961, . 16). , . , , . , . . An accident took place in which a blue saloon car and cyclist were involved. The appearance of the bicycle indicated that another vehicle was involved (1948, . 55).

, , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , . to involve , , , , . . , . , , , .

Alternative. 1961 . : Alternative ( : , , ). alternative , (). , , ,


(. 178). : alternative (. , , 1962; , 1957; , 1960).

. alternative , : a third alternative, . (1928), . (1956) , , , .... (1960) : My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives. . : alternative , , , . ; alternative , (1962, . 21). . alternative , . , , , , (1948, . 50). , , , alternative , . : At the beginning of the war the finding of alternative accommodation for those displaced by requisitioning or bombing caused many a headache. The jingle has proved disastrously infective. The word is taking its place with vague generic nouns like emergency and vague prepositional phrases like in relation to as a device for saving the writer the trouble of thinking of the right word. The Ministry of Health announced in the spring of 1947 that owing to the severe winter the house-building programme for the year had been abandoned, and added that no alternative programme would be issued. They might have said other, new, fresh or revised, but alternative must be wrong. There is nothing for it to be an alternative to; the old programme is torn up. Alternative must imply a choice between two or more things (p. 50).

, alternative , , , , , , , ( . 51).


Less. , less : There is less milk than I thought, a fewer : There are fewer apples in this barrel, than in that one. less fewer. , . less , . (1962, . 129), , , . . (1956, . 58): English for example, has less than forty-five phonemes. . (1962,.. 175) , less fewer than ( . ). . : ...not less than 5,000,000,000 land birds.





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