, . (U), (Q), (), (), (S) .
.
2. . .
³:
, , , 㳿. , , (perpetuum mobile) . , (, ) , -:
- ;
- , , 㳿 , .
㳿. , .
:
.
(. 9.1). 1 1. , , .
1 ; 2 ;
3 , .
9.1 ﳿ
Qv ( v ᒺ), 2, .
U1, U2. , , , ∆U 1 2. 㳿 Qv, :
Qv = U2-U1 = ∆U
㳿 , .
() , , , . , , , .
ᒺ v, , - p.
:
Qv=Cv(T2-T1)
Cv - ᒺ;
1 ;
2 .
, . , 㳿 :
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Qp = ∆U+A
Qp ;
, . :
= (V2-V1)
V1 ᒺ ;
V2 ᒺ .
, 쳿, . , , 䳿 , (V) . (. 9.2). (), :
= - ∆V
,
∆V ᒺ .
9.2 ,
, , . , , , .
㳿 . , 㳿, 㳿 .
г :
Qp = U2 - U1 + P(V2 - V1) = (U2 + PV2) - (U1 + PV1)
(U+PV) , , , ﳺ ( , ). .
г : Qp = H2 - H1 = ∆H
, .
, ( ), .
1.
㳿 25 200.
.
1. , ᒺ ᒺ .
2. : 2451.8 /.
3. V = (mRT)/(PM)
ᒺ 200 1 :
V =(250.082393)/18=33,375
4. :
= PV
A = 33,375
1 = 101,25
,
A = 33,375101,25 = 3378,58
5. ʳ , 25 :
Qp = 2451,7225 = 61295,6
6. 㳿 :
∆U=Qp - A
∆U = 61295.6 3378.5 = 57917.02
³: 㳿 ∆U
57917.02 57,92
3. ? .
³:
. ϳ . 㳿, , . . , , , .
: ?
, 䳿 :
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H2 + Cl2 = 2 HCl
1 1 . 㳿
H-H 436/
Cl-Cl 242,3/
H-Cl 431,4/
:
436 + 242,3 = 678,3
2 :
431,4 2 = 862,8
, , :
862,8 - 678,3 = 184,5
, , . ϳ 㳿 , , .
, ( ) .
, ( ) .
1.
Ba(ClO3)2 30. : ? ∆? ³ .
.
1. , . , .
2. , , 300, . Δ .
ճ , , .
, :
CH4()+2O2() → CO2()+22()+891
Cu()+Cl2() → CuCl2()+223
г :
N2()+2() → 2NO()-180,5
CO2()+() → 2()-160
, , 1 . :
H2()+0.5O2() →H2O()+285.8
O2() →2/3O3() 96
, , , . :
2C2H2+5O2→4CO2+2H2O+2600
C2H2+2.5O2→2CO2+H2O+1300
. :
Ca()+1/2 O2() = CaO() ∆=-635,1 /
1/2 N2()+1/2 O2() = NO() ∆=90,4 /
() , 1 . ʳ , 1 .
H2O() = H2 () + 1/2 O2 () ∆=285.9 /
. , 1 .
ʳ (IV) , (IV) .
:
C2H2+2½O2=2O2+H2O ∆=-1301.5 /
㳿, .
, ᒺ , .
. . 䳿 ∆ ( , ᒺ , ), ∆ 䒺 ( ).
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∆.= ∆1 + (-∆2)
∆1 , ;
∆2 (), , 䳿 . :
) :
KOH()+2()=KOH ∙ 2() ∆.=-55,3 /
) :
NaCl()+xH2O()=NaCl xH2O() ∆.=5 /
.
/ /. ʳ , , , .
∆. ∆<0 - ∆>0.
ʳ , , ﳿ 㳿 :
∆= -Qp
∆U= -Qv
∆ ﳿ; Qp , ; Qv , ᒺ; ∆U 㳿.
( 298,15 25 0, 101325 , 1/), ﳿ ∆0.
22()+2() =22() ∆0 = - 483/
, . , 䳿 2 1
2 ( )
483,6 .
.
ﳿ , .
2
,
2() + 22 () = 4() +2 2() ∆=802
, ∆ + ∆ = 0
4 , 䳿 2 2, 㳿. 4, 㳿, 4, . ϳ 4 . 㳿 .
ﳿ . , , ∆ - 790 - 802 . , 2 88 :
2 2() → 2 2() ∆=-88
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3.
ϳ 6 150 . .
1.
2Mg+O2=2MgO
2. ,
ν(Mg) = 6/(24/) = 0,25
3. ,
∆ = (2/0,25)(-150 ) = 1200
4.
2Mg() + 2 () = 2Mg() ∆ = 1200
4.
:
S()+2 () ↔ S2 () ∆ = 297
ᒺ , 䳿 891 .
1. , 297 1 S 1 2:
ν(S) = ν(O2) = ((891 1 )/297 ) = 3
2. ᒺ :
m(S) = 32 /3 = 96
V(O2) = 22.43 = 67,2
³: 96 , ᒺ 67,2 .
4. .
³:
㳿 , , , .
, , . . , , . ( ), 㳿 , . ( , ..). . , , , , .