. - , - - , . , , , , . (V) max -, 1 - (/).
() , - - . (/). =1/V. . (V) . -, - (). (m) . - -(). 1=10 , 1=1. . . . , , - .
.
SO4; SO3; CO3; PO4; S2O3; CrO4; C2O4; SiO3 | . , . HNO3, HCl (.BaSO4) | BaCl2 | |
Cl; Br; J; S | , HNO3 | AgNO3 HNO3 (1:1) | |
NO3; NO2; CH3COO | - | ________ |
- .
- | , , . | , . . - | , . - | . . (- ) | , . . | , . . |
. | 1.. , Na, Li, NH4 | 2. Ag, Pb, Hg | 3. Ba, Ca, Sr | 4. Cr, Al, Zn, Sn, Sn, As, As | 5. Fe, Fe, Mn, Mg, Bi, Sb, Sb | 6. Ni, Co, Cd, Cu, Hg |
.HCl | H2SO4+ C2H5OH | NaOH | NaOH NH4OH | NH4OH | ||
- | AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 | BaSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4 | AlO2, CrO2, ZnO2, SnO2 | Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Mg(OH)2 | [Cu(NH3)4] [Co(NH3)6] |
.
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