1. ().
2+ + SO42- → BaSO4↓ ( )
. 4, BaSO4 - 42+ - .
BaSO4 , H2SO4, Ba(HSO4)2:
BaSO4 + H2SO4→Ba(HSO4)2
2. .
2+ + SO42- →PbSO4↓. ( )
PbSO4 ; CH3COONa CH3COONH4 :
PbSO4 + 4NaOH →Na2[Pb(OH)4] + Na2SO4
3. .
12 . . 1-2 , - (Na2SO4, K2SO4 H2SO4 ). .
6. . , . , ? , .
+ - 1 .., .
SO32- - 1 ..,.
1. (.↓)
K2SO3 +Na3[Co(No2)6]→K2 Na[Co(No2)6]↓ +2NaCl
2. Na (..↓)
K2SO3 +NaHC4H4O6→K HC4H4O6↓+NaCl
3.K+→ .
4. (..↓)
K2SO3+BaCl2→Ba SO3↓+2NaCl
5. (.)
K2SO3+2HCl→2KCl+H2O+SO2↑
6. ()-.
K2SO3+I2+H2O→ K2SO4+2KI
. , . , ? , .
Na+ -1 .., .
AsO3- -1 ..,.
1. ( . .)
NaAsO3+ Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8+CH3COOH→Na Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9+HAsO3
2. ( . )
NaAsO3+K[Sb(OH)6]→ Na[Sb(OH)6]↓+ K AsO3
3.Na+→ .
4. (..↓)
2 NaAsO3 +3BaCl2→Ba3(AsO3)2↓+ 6NaCl
5. () .
6. C ()
NaAsO3 + AgNO3→NaNO3+AgAsO3↓
. , . , ? , .
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NH4+- 1 .., .
S-2- 2 . .. AgNO3
1. ...
(NH4)2S +2NaOH→NH3↑+H2O+Na2S
2. (.-.)
(NH4)2S +2K2[HgI4]+4KOH→[NH2Hg2O]I↓+7KI+HCl+ H2O
3. C ( )
(NH4)2S + AgNO3→Ag2S↓+2NH4NO3
4. (. ,. )
(NH4)2S +2HCl→H2S↑+2NH4Cl
. , . , ? , .
NH4+- 1 .., .
SCN--2 . .. AgNO3
1. - ...
NH4 SCN+NaOH→ NH3↑+H2O+NaSCN
2. (.-.)
NH4 SCN+2K2[HgI4]+4KOH→[NH2Hg2O]I↓+7KI+HCl+ 3H2O
3. C ( )
NH4 SCN+ AgNO3→Ag SCN↓+ NH4 NO3
4. 5-6.. . . .
4NH4 SCN+oCl2→ (NH4)2[Co(SCN)4]+2NH4Cl
. , . , ? , .
- 5 . , , .
1. : (Bi16)3- + 3 - = Bi () 3 () + 6 1-
. (III): Bi () 3 = Bi + 2
: (Bi16)3- + 2 = Bil () + 2 l + 3 l-
.
3. - ()
(Bil6)3- + 3 S2- = Bi2 S3(-) + 12 l-
. , HNO3, :
Bi2S3 + 8 HNO3 = 2 Bi (NO3)3 + 2 NO + 2S + 4 H20
Bi2S3 (III) FeCl3: Bi2S3+6 FeCl3 --> 2 BiCl3 + 6 FeCl2+ 3S
4. ().
(Bi16)3- + 3 I- = Bi I3 () + 6 l-
KI :
Bil3 + I- = [Bil4]- (-)
BiI3, - BiOI ( ):
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[Bil4]- + 2 = BiOI + 3 I- + 2+.
5. (III) () (II).
2 Bi(OH)3 + 3 [Sn(OH)4]2- = 2 Bi +3 [Sn(OH)6]2-, p=10.
- NO3-
3- . .
1. ().
2. ().
H2SO4 .
2KNO3 + 2H2SO4 + Cu --> K2SO4 + 2NO2 + CuSO4 + 2H2O,eo-ype
3. (II) .
:
3Fe2+ + NO3- + 4H+ = 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O,
Fe2+ + NO = [FeNO]2+.()
- , - - . -, , SO32-, S2O32', CrO42-, MnO42-.
4. .
3 NO3- + 8 1 + 5 - + 18 2 -> 3 NH3 + 8 [Al (OH)4]-
. NH4+, , , (NO2-, SCN-, - -- ).
5. . .
. , . , ? , .
Mg 2+
V
V , , .
1. : Mg2+ + 2 - --> Mg(OH)2 ( )
Mg2+ + 2 NH4 OH= Mg(OH)2 + 2 NH4+
, l, H2SO4, CH3COOH: Mg(OH)2 + 2 + -> Mg2+ + 2 2
2. Na2HPO4 ().
:
Mg2+ + HPO42- + NH4OH = MgNH4PO4↓ + H2O. ( ) MgHPO4. NH4 NH4MgPO4. NH4MgPO4 :
NH4MgPO4 + 3 1 - 34 + MgCl2 + NH4C1
NH4MgPO4+ 2 CHjCOOH = NH4H2PO4 + (CH3COO)2Mg
Li+, Ca2+, Sr2, Ba2+ .
3. I - - .
I, , g2+, , Mg(OH)2:
Mg2+ , . Cd2+, Sn2+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+.
4. 8- .
= 8--13 ( ).
. , 8 - (Cu2+, Zn2+. Cd2+, Fe3+ .).
5. .
. - MgL(OH), L - :
Mg2+ , . .
6. (N203).
2 Mg2++ 2 N203 + 2 = (g)20 ( ) +4 N + 2. (g)20, .
7. (NH4)24.
Mg2++ (NH4)24 = Mg 24 () + 2 NH4
8. Mg2+ (65 NHNH)20 -- .
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- SO42-
, - l2
1. ().
2+ + SO42- --> BaSO4 ( )
BaSO4 , H2SO4, Ba(HSO4)2:
BaSO4 + H2SO4->Ba(HSO4)2
2. .
2 + SO42- -> PbSO4. ( )
PbSO4 ; CH3COONa CH3COONH4 :
PbSO4 + 4 NaOH -- Na2[Pb(OH)4] + Na2SO4
3. .
12 1 Na2C6Oe 206. . 1-2 , - (Na2SO4, K2~SO4 H2SO4 ). .
(I). , . , ? , .
Hg22+
.
1. .
Hg22+ + 2Cl- = Hg2Cl2↓.
,
[Hg(NH2)]Cl, , :
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH = [Hg(NH2)]Cl↓ + Hg↓ + NH4Cl + 2H2O.
2. (Sn2+, Cu) :
Hg22+ + Sn2+ = 2Hg↓ + Sn4+;
Hg22+ + Cu = 2Hg↓ + Cu2+.
.
3. :
Hg22+ + 2I- = Hg2I2↓.
- (I), (II) :
Hg2I2 + 2KI = K2[HgI4] + Hg↓.
4. :
Hg22+ + 2OH- = Hg2O↓ + H2O.
(I), (I) .
5. :
Hg22+ + CrO42- = Hg2CrO4v.
- , .
- CH3COO'
. III
1. (III) ().
= 5-8 - Fe(III) - ( .) (III).
; .
3 + Fe -->* (CH3COO)3Fe + 3 +
- (III):
(CH3COO)3Fe + 2 2 <- Fe(OH)2 CH3COO + 2 3
2. .
- , :
CH3COO- + H+ =CH3COOH.
3. ().
CH3COO- + H+ =CH3COOH,
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O.
, , .
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. , . , ? , .
Sr2+- . - , , , :
1. Sr2+ + SO42- = SrSO4↓.
2. - .
3. (NH4)2CO3 , , :
SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 = SrCO3+ 2NH4Cl
4. CaSO4 . 2H2O ( ) Sr2+ :
Sr2+ + SO42- = SrSO4
-: . - AgNO3 HNO3
1. 2Ag+ + S2- = Ag2S↓
2.
Na2S + H2SO4 = H2S + Na2SO4.
, :
Pb(CH3COOH)2 + H2S = PbS + 2CH3COOH.
3.
Na2S + Cd(NO3)2 = CdS + 2NaNO3.
, -, .
4. (II) ( )
Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] + Na2S = Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS].
-
5. :
S2- + 2Ag+ = Ag2S↓.
- , NH4OH, Na2S2O3 KCN, 2 HNO3. .
6. Pb(OH)42-:
Pb2+ + 2OH- = Pb(OH)2↓,
Pb(OH)2 + 2OH- = Pb(OH)42-,
S2- + Pb(OH)42- = PbS + 4OH-.
- PbS, 2 HNO3:
3PbS + 8HNO3 = 3Pb(NO3)2 + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O.
. , . , ? , .
I
1. ( ) (=7)
K+ + HC4H4O6- = KHC4H4O6↓.. .
2. (III) ( , .. )
2K+ + Na3[Co(NO2)6] = NaK2[Co(NO2)6]↓ + 2Na+. , .,
(II) .
2+ + Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6] = K2Pb[Cu(NO,)6] | . . + 2Na+
4. - .
-
I - BaCl2 Ba(NO3)2. :
1. 12.
2 43- + 3 2+ -= 3(4)2 ()
42- + 2+ -+ 4 ()
- 3(4)2:
2 42- + 3 2+ + 2 NH3 -> 3(4)2 + 2 NH4+
3(4)2 FfNO3, HC1, 3.
2. ().
:
43- + 3 Ag+ -> Ag3PO4 ()
, .
3. ()
- 42~ (MgCI2 + NH4CI + NH3) NH4MgPO4:
HPO42- + NH4OH + Mg2+ = MgHPO4↓ + H2O.
4. (). :
PO43- + NH4+ + 12MoO42- + 24H+ = (NH4)3P(Mo3O10)4↓ + 12H2O.
.
10 .
:
NH2 N ≡N+
+ NaNO2 + 1 ↔ 
l - + NaC1+ 22
SO3H SO3H
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