2+ 4-5 ( ) , , . , (NH4)2SO4, , . , .
, .
2+.
4
: ,
:
, . AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4 .
.
1. NH4+ NaOH. | |
2. 2 Cl. , 0,5% . | |
3. (1) AgCl, Hg2Cl2 PbCl2 . | 4. (1) 2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, K+, Na+, NH4+. (NH4)2SO4, . |
5. (II) BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4 30% 3NH4, PbSO4, , . | 6. (II) K+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+: ) 2+ 3--3 25. . ) 2+ Na+ , 23. 3 Na+ KH2SbO4 , NH4+: ) 2+ +, , , Na2CO3, 3 + Na3[Co(NO2)6] . , NH4+. |
7. (III) BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4 23. | |
8. (III) . |
NH4+ .
. . 30 , 3-4 , . (15-20 ), 2 .
(1) AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 . (1) I III Pb2+. (I) 12-15 , 5-6 , 10 . . (II) 30% . (III) BaSO4, SrSO4, aSO4 , , 3-4 5 , . 2 , , . 3 , 5 . SO42-. ( ) 10-12 6-8 . Ba+, Sr2+, Ca2+ . (II) 2+, K+, NH4+. .
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.
NH4+, .
. , .
.
. 30 -35 ( ) , , 3-4 . . , HCl.
AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, BaSO4, SrSO4, aSO4, PbSO4, (I) Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, K+, NH4+, Na+, Pb2+. , .
(I) ( ) 3-4 , Pb2+ .
.
Ag+ [Hg2]2+. (II) 10-12 25% . , [Ag(NH3)2]Cl, Hg2Cl2 (I) [HgNH2]Cl + Hg ( ). .
1. NH4+ NaOH. | |
2. 2 HCl , HCl . | |
3. (I) AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, BaSO4, aSO4, PbSO4. , PbCl2, Pb2+ c KI KrO4. | 4. (I) Ba+, Sr2+, Ca2+, K+, NH4+, Na+, Pb2+. |
5. (II) AgCl, Hg2Cl2, BaSO4, aSO4, PbSO4. NH4, , . | , . |
6. (III) BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4, [HgNH2]Cl+Hg. 30% 3N4 . | 7. (II) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl. : ) HNO3, ) I |
8. (IV) BaSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4. Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ | 9. (III) Pb2+, [Hg2]2+ . |
(III) . (II) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl, Ag+.
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Pb2+ [Hg2]2+. (III) [HgNH2]Cl + Hg, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4, BaSO4.
g+, , 2-3 , g+. , 15-16 30% ., 3-4 . [HgNH2]Cl .
. (III) Pb2+ [Hg2]2+ . Pb2+, . ( ) , .
.
5
: , (IV )
Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, As+3, As+5, Sn2+, Sn4+. , .. , - . , 8 18 .
. , . . .
18- .
, .
IV ( ). , .. , . :
3+ + 3- ()3 2 + + + 2-
, .
- . :
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O
+ 2:
H3CrO3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O
. IV , :
Sn2+ +2H2O Sn(OH)2 + 2H+
Al2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3¯ +3CO
2ZnCO3 + 2H2O (ZnOH)2CO3¯ +H2CO3
NaOH, OH IV ( ) , :
CrCl3 + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3¯ + 3NaCl
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O
. IV .
1 (AlCl3, CrCl3, ZnCl2, SnCl2, Na2HsO4), 1 , , , .
2-3 , .
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, Zn2+ Cr(ZnO2)3 ( Cr2O3 × 3ZnO). .
Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3 Al3+, Cr3+, Sn2+, Sn+4 , Zn2+ . As+3, As+5 :
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 Al2(CO3)3 + 6NaCl
Al2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3¯ +3CO2
NH4Cl.
Cr3+, Al3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, As3+.
Al3+
1. Al3+:
Al3+ + 3OH- 2Al(OH)3
. , , - :
NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O
AlO2- + 4H+ Al3+ + 2H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH Al(OH)3¯ +3NH4Cl
Al3++ 3OH- Al(OH)3
2. - , . .
. 1-2 , 1-2 .
Al3+ Al(OH)3. , - , . , -, - . Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Fe3+ Al3+ ; Al3+ : K4[Fe(CN)6], Al3+ . , . Zn2+, Sn2+ Cr3+, Al3+ . , Al3+ . , , , . Al3+ , , - . .
3. Al3+ , .
. 4-5 , 2-3 2 4-5 . , , , 3-4 2 (NH4)2CO3. Al3+, .
.
1. Fe3+ Bi3+ .
2. = 8,5 9,5.
4. Al3+ .
Co(NO3)2 Al3+ o(AlO2)2 , :
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2Al2(SO4)3 + 2Co(NO3)2 2Co(AlO2)2 + 6SO3 +4NO2 + O2
. , , , , . , , , - . Zn2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+.
Cr3+
: . , r3+, ; , - CrO42- - ; - Cr72-- .
1. r3+ o Cr(OH)3 - ( -) :
CrCl3 + NH4OH Cr(OH)3¯ + 3NH4Cl
Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3
2 :
CrCl + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3¯ + 3NaCl
Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3
NaCrO2, - :
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 +2H2O
Cr(OH)3 + OH- CrO2- +2H2O
NaAlO2 :
.
NaCrO2 +2H2O Cr(OH)3¯ + NaOH
CrO2- +2H2O Cr(OH)3¯ + OH-
. 3-4 CrCl3, 3-4 AlCl3, 10-12 2 . , , - . , . .
. Cr3+ Zn2+ , .
, 3 CrCl3 3 ZnCl2, 10-12 . .
3. Cr3+ CrO42- .
22 Na2O2. :
CrCl3 + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3¯ +3NaCl
Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O
2NaCrO2 + 3H2O2 +2NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 4H2O
2CrO2- + 3H2O2 +2OH- 2CrO42- + 4H2O
. 3-4 (III), 2-3 4 . 3-4 . r42- . . 6-8 2-3 . . - 2CrO6 (CrO5).
.
1. Cr3+ CrO4 - .
2. CrO42 - 2CrO6 .
.
Cr3+ KnO4 Cr2O72-:
5Cr2(SO4)3 + 6KMnO4 + 112O 5H2Cr2O7 + 6MnSO4 + 3K2SO4 + 6H2SO4
10Cr3+ + 6MnO4- + 11H2O 5Cr2O72- + 6Mn2+ + 22H+
MnO4- MnO(OH)2 H2MnO3. MnSO4. .
2KMnO4 + 3MnSO4 + 7H2O 5MnO(OH)2 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4
2MnO4- + 3Mn2+ + 7H2O 5MnO(OH)2 + 4H+
. 4-5 Cr2(SO4)3, 3-4 10 0,1 . . - .
r3+ - Cr2O72 - (NH4)2S2O8 -
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Cr2(SO4)3 + 3(NH4)2S2O8 + 7H2O (NH4)2Cr2O7 +2(NH4)2SO4 + 7H2SO4
2Cr3++ 3S2O82- + 7H2O Cr2O72- +6SO42- +14H+
.
1. = 1-2.
2. .
3. - .
. 5-6 (NH4)2S2O8, 2 (), 2-3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr(NO3)3. ( !) . Cr2O72-.
2-3 , ( ) CrO5 2CrO6:
K2Cr2O7 + 4 H2O2 + H2SO4 2CrO5 + K2SO4+ 5H2O
Cr2O72- + 4H2O2 + 2H+ 2H2CrO6 + 3H2O
rO5 Cr3+ CrO42-, Cr2O72- .
.
1. =2-3.
2. H2CrO6 , , .
3. Ag+.
Zn2+
Zn2+ Zn(OH)2, , [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2:
ZnCl2 + 2NH4OH Zn(OH)2¯ +2NH4Cl
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH4OH [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + 4H2O
1. :
2ZnCl2 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O Zn2(OH)2CO3¯ + 4NaCl + CO2
2Zn2+ + 2CO32- + H2O Zn2(OH)2CO3 + CO2
.
2. :
ZnCl2 + H2S ZnS¯ +2HCl
Zn2+ + H2S ZnS +2H+
. 3-4 , 2-3 CH3COONa 5-7 . . . ZnS ?
1. .
2. .