1. , .
2. NH4+ Fe3+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+ .
3. , 50% NaC4H4O6, .
:
:
1. NH4+ + Na+ .
+ Na+. , NH+. , NH4+, . 15-20 , . . 8-10 , , . .
2. +. 2-3 3-4 -(III) , . -(III) - K2Na[Co(NO2)6] +.
+ -(II) - Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6] .
3. Na+ +. 3-4 , . , . Na+.
, . .
2
: ( )
.
Ag+, Pb2+, [Hg2]2+ :
AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl↓ + HNO3
Ag+ + Cl-→ FgCl↓
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3
Pb2+ + 2Cl-→ PbCl2↓
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2HCl → Hg2l2↓ + 2HNO3
[Hg2]2+ + 2Cl-→ Hg2Cl2↓
C , :
AgCl + 2HCl → H2[AgCl3], PbCl2+ HCl→ H[PbCl3]
100 , . Pb2+ [Hg2]2+ Ag+.
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, , :
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH → [Hg2NH2]Cl↓ + NH4Cl + 2H2O
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH → [Hg2NH2]Cl↓ + Cl- + 2H2O
[Hg2NH2]Cl→ [NH2Hg]Cl + Hg↓
[Hg2]2+ Ag+.
:
AgCl + 2NH4OH→ [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
AgCl + 2NH4OH→ [Ag(NH3)2]++ Cl-+ 2H2O
Ag+
1. KOH NaOH Ag+ Ag2:
AgNO3 + KOH → AgOH↓ + KNO3
Ag+ +OH- → AgOH; AgOH→ Ag2O↓ + H2O
(I) NH3:
Ag2O + 4NH4OH → 2[Ag(NH3]2OH + H2O
2. K2CrO4 Ag+ Ag2CrO4 - :
K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3 → Ag2CrO4↓ +2KNO3
CrO42- + 2Ag2+→ Ag2CrO4
. 2-3 3-4 1-2 . .
.
1. = 6,5 7,5.
2. .
3. Pb2+, Ba2+ ., CrO42 - , .
3. KBr KI Ag+ - AgBr AgI: KBr + AgNO3 → AgBr↓ + KNO3; Ag+ + Br-→ AgBr↓
KI + AgNO3-→ AgI↓ + KNO3; Ag+ + I-→ AgI↓
Pb2+
1. NaOH Pb2+ Pb(OH)2, , :
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH→ Pb(OH)2↓ + 2NaNO3
Pb2+ + 2OH-→ Pb(OH)2¯
:
Pb(OH)2+ 2NaOH → Na2PbO2
2. Pb2+ PbSO4. :
PbSO4 + 4 → 2PbO2 + K2SO +2H2O
PbSO4 + 4OH- → PbO22-+ 2H2O
30% :
2 PbSO4 + 23- → [Pb(CH3COO)2PbSO4] + SO42-
, + SO42- SO4-: PbSO4 ↔ Pb2+ + SO42-
HNO3 ↔ NO3- +H+; H++ SO4-↔ HSO4 -
3. 2rO4 K2Cr2O7 Pb2+ :
Pb2+ + CrO42-→ PbCrO4
, .
4. I- Pb2+ :
Pb2++ 2I- → PbI2↓
: PbI2, 2 . , .
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:
1. = 3-5.
2. KI PbI2 , K2[PbI4].
3. Pb2+ .
5. ()
, - . .
[Hg2]2+
!
1. [ Hg2]2+ (I):
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NaOH → Hg2O↓ + 2NaNO3 + H2O
[Hg2]2+ + 2OH- → Hg2O + H2O
[Hg2]2+ [Hg2NH2]Cl.
2. 2rO4 [Hg2]2+ Hg2CrO4, .
3. [Hg2]2+ . (I) 2-3 SnCl2 , [Hg2]2+ :
[Hg2]2+ + 2l- → Hg2Cl2↓
Hg2Cl2+Sn2+ → 2Hg↓ +Sn4+ + 2Cl-
4. (I) . . , :
Hg2(NO3)2+ u → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Hg↓
:
1. .
2. 2-3 (I) , .
3. .
4. Hg2+, , .( !)
5. [Hg2]2+ .
: 2 . [Hg2]2+, . (II) r42-.
:
1. g2+ rO42 - .
2. Cu2+, Fe2+, F3+, Cr3+, Co2+ .
:
: , . , .. .
20-30 , , 2 . 1-2 , 2 . . 2-3 . , AgCl Hg2Cl2 . Pb2+, Ag+, [Hg2]2+.
1. Pb2+. 2-3 PbI2, , - .
2. [Hg2]2+. 5-7 . [Hg2]2+, . , [Hg2NH2]Cl . .
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3. g+. , . g+ , . :
[Ag(NH3]2 Cl ↔ [Ag(NH3]2]+ + Cl-
[Ag(NH3]2]+ ↔ 2NH3 + Ag+
2NH3 + Ag+ + 2H+ +Cl- AgCl¯ +2NH4+
[Ag(NH3]2 Cl + 2HNO3 AgCl¯ + NH4NO3
(NH4)2S.
3
: ( )
, , . 8 . . , , . .
SO42-c Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+ , . .
, , .
CaSO4 9,1×10-6, 2+ . 2+ , .
: , 3-5 : - , , . 3 , .
BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4 , 20 . . .
, 5 , . .
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ , , . Na2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ .
2+
1. 2CrO4 2+ rO4, , :
BaCl2 + K2CrO4 BaCrO4¯ + 2KCl
Ba2+ + CrO42- BaCrO4¯
: 3 , 3 3 . . - r4.
.
1. .
2. .
3. Pb2+ ., , .
2. 2Cr2O7 :
2Cr2O7 + BaCl2 + 2 BaCrO4¯ + 2l + 2l
Cr2O72- + H2O ↔ 2CrO42- + 2H+
2CrO42- + 2Ba2+ ↔ 2BaCrO4¯
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BaCrO4, BaCr2O7, Cr2O72- c . CrO42- 2+ BaCrO4. , . +, . + :
CH3COONa + H+ CH3COOH + Na+
.
. 3 , 3 4-5 CH3COONa, . BaCrO4.
:
1. .
2. Sr2+, Ca2+ 2+.
, 2+ , . , .
: 3 , , . . , 2-3 .
3. . - .
Sr2+
Sr2+ .
1. ( (CaSO4×2H2O) Sr2+ .
: 4 Sr(NO3)2, 5-6 , .
:
1. 2+, , SO42 -.
2. .
3. SrSO4 , 10 -15 .
2. (NH4)2C2O4 Sr2+ :
Sr(NO3)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 SrC2O4¯ + 2NH4NO3
Sr2++ C2O42- SrC2O4
3. . - .
2+
1. (NH4)2C2O4 ( ) 2+ :
CaCl2 + (NH4)C2O4 CaC2O4¯ + 2NH4Cl
Ca2+ + C2O42- CaC2O4
: 3 aCl2 , 3 1-2 . .
.
1. 5-6, 7-8.
2. 2+ Sr2+ .
2+ Sr2+ , : (24) =2,57×10-9; (Sr24) =5,6×10-8; (24)= 1,6×10-7., . . , , .
, , ( ).
: , 3 , , 3-4 . . 6 , . , 6 . , .
2. . S4 × 22 2+ , , .
: , 2 . .
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2+ Sr2+ : 3-4 , 4 2 , 5-6 , 2+ Sr2+ , 2+ . . , .
3. . - .
:
.
.
2+ | Sr2+ | Ca2+ | |
( - Na | |||
___ | |||
:
, 2Cr27 2+, 2+ Sr2+ 2+, . 2+ r4, Sr2+ 2+ - r42- . .
7-10 ; , .
, (), , SrCO3 3, , . , SrSO4, 2+ ( ) (NH4)2[Ca(SO4)2].
2+. 3 , 2-4 3 . , 2+. 5-6 , 5-6 5-6 , , 2-3 ().
Sr2+. 2-3 , 2-3 , 70 15-20 . Sr2+. . - .