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11. . . . V- XVIII .: 3- . ,1986-1990. .1-3
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23. .., .. . . ,1991
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36. .. . ,1980
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47. .. . ,1980
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Leonid Zashkilniak. Methodology of history
S U M M A R Y
Methodology of history is an independent science studying the process of mankinds past and creation of scientific knowledges. It consists of three components: (1) idea about object of history, (2) knowledges on subject of historical cognition (researcher), both methods and logic on historical skills receiption, (3) the matter of historical knowledges and its social importance.
The Author presents the process of forming the ideas on history and its studying from the ancient time until the end of the XX-th century; he observes the changes of scientific historical paradigmas, that were depended of the general idea condition on surrounding world and the mans role in it. There are eight long periods in the development and modification of the methodological systems, which were used by historicians in the past cognition and understanding. The first notion on the past found the reflection in the mithological paradigma, in which the man and the nature were in the whole dependence of the pantheistic outlook. Antique historiography in the ancient Greece and Rome introduced the philosophic aspects into the understanding of history, according to which the man and society were distinguished from the world of nature as independent subjects of the past. With Christianitys confirmation in Europe theological history were spread; it were characterized as the universal and the providential history of mankind. Renaissance and Enlightenment introduced into the historical research the methods and teleologic paradigma of historys sence and purpose the philosophy of history.
In the XIX-th century history joined to scientific disciplines; there were began to regulate its methodological principes. Gradually there were formed sociological and philosophical paradigmas of history, which separated historicians on different trends and schools. In the first half of the XX-th century there were took place further division of methodological paradigmas in the channel of three main trends sociology, philisophy of history and neo-Kantianism. The representatives of these trends differed one from another in understanding of the object of historical research both the role and significance of historical knowledges.
From the half of the XX-th century increased the attention to the subject of historical cognition. This fact led to deeper division in historical paradigmas and to diversity of historical trends and schools: from sociologic to antropologic items. There were appeared extreme methodological trends, which scientifized the history (new scientific history) or refused it as a science (narrative philosophy of history). With all diversities of contemporary approaches to the the history, the Author hold to optimistic look on this discipline, which preserve its significance both the science and the artistic literature in the presentation of the past. The historicians position is depende of choosing paradigma and of using methods on historical cognition.
