C - , , ,T = const, .
1- : D U = Q A - P D V (1)
D H = D U + P D V (2)
(2) (1):
D H - P D V = Q A - P D V Þ D H = Q A
2- Δ S = Q/T Þ Q = Δ S
A = -(D H - Δ S) Þ
( >0), (D H - Δ S) <0
D G = D H - ΔS
G -
A = -D G , , .
0.
Δ S , , .
D G ( A ),
▼D rG < 0 ;
▼D rG > 0 - ;
▼D rG = 0 .
∆ r ∆ rS .
D rG = D rH - Δ r S
∆ r | ∆ rS | Dr G | ||
- | + | - | ||
+ | - | + | . | |
- | - | - + | ||
+ | + | + - |
∆ fG ( ) = 0
∆ fG 0 - ( )
∆ fG 0298, - [/ ]
Dr G :
● 1- :
Δ rGT = ∑ν i Δ fGT,i - ∑ν j Δ fGT,j
Δ rG0298 =∑ν i Δ fG0298,i -∑ν j Δ fG 0298,j
● 2- :
Δ rGT = ∆ rHT - T ∆ rST
Δ rG0298 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298
● 3- , 1886. ( Δ rGT ∆ rG0T): a A + b B + d D = e E + f F
.
∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0 - T ∆ rS0 =
= ∆ rH 0298 + ∆ r0pdT - ∆ rS0 298- dT
∆ r0p =0:
∆ r 0 = ∆ r 0298
∆ rS0T = ∆ rS0 298
∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298
.
() + 2() = 2()
298 1000 (∆ r 0 ∆ rS0T - ).
. : ∆ rG0T< 0
|
|
∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0 - T ∆ rS0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298
∆ rG0298 = 172,5 298 . 175,66 . 10-3 = 120,15 > 0 - ( ).
∆ rG01000 = 172,5 1000 . 175,66 . 10-3 = -3,16 < 0 - ( ).
. 298
() + 2() = 2()
?
. : Δ rG298 <0
-:
Δ rG298 =[ ∆rG0298 + RT ln ] < 0.
120,15 + 8,31.10-3.298 ln <0
ln < -48,5 Þ <10-21
.
+ 2() = 2()
.
. , :
∆ rG0 =∆ rH 0298+ ∆ r0pdT+ ∆ rS0 298+ ∆ r0p/T) dT <0
∆ rH0 ∆ rS0 :
∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298 < 0.
(172,5 .175,66.10-3) < 0
> 982
:
() 298 2300
2 () 298 2500
() 298 2500
: 982 ÷ 2300 .
∆ rG0
298 982 2300
▓ .
▓ - .
:
a A()+ b B()+ d D() Û e E()+ f F()
Δ rG =∆ rG0 + RT ln = 0 Þ
∆ rG0 = - RT ln
a A()+ b B()+ d D()= e E()+ f F() :
∆ rG0 = - RT ln
:
-
:
p v = n RT =c p= cRT
= =
=
∆ν =(e+f) (a + b) ,
R = 0,082 ..-1.-1
- ni( ) P 0:
- pi =
= =
Σni = nE + nF + nA + nB
● ∆ rG0 = - RT ln -
● ∆ rG0 =- RT ln - .
- .
:
●
.
∆ rG0 = - RT ln = ∆ rH0 - T ∆ rS0
ln Kp = - =
▓ -
d ln Kp / dT
∆ rH0 < 0 Þ d ln Kp / dT < 0, .. Þ
|
|
∆ rH0 > 0 Þ d ln Kp / dT > 0, .. Þ
( ∆ rH0 ¹ f(T)) 2 > 1:
ln =
∆ rH0, .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
▼ .
() + 2() = 2()
298 1000 . .
.
= ; =
∆ rG0 = - RT ln Þ Kp = exp(- ∆G0 / RT)
∆ rG0298 = 120,15 ; ∆ rG01000 = -3,16
298= exp(-120.103/8,31.298)= (-48,5) =8×10-22;
Kp 1000 =exp(+3160/8,31.1000)= (0,38) = 1, 46.
= = = 0,018
∆ν = 2-1=1
298 - 0 Þ Þ .
1000 - > 1 Þ , .
.. Þ ∆ rH0 > 0
▼ . : () = 2() (, const)
= 0,02 400 =4,00 600 .
∆ rH 0298, ∆ rS0298 800 .
. ∆ rH 0 ∆ rS 0
(T 1=400 K, T 2=600 K):
∆ rG0 1= ∆ rH0298 T 1∆ rS0298 = - RT 1ln 1
∆ rG0 2= ∆ rH0298 T 2∆ rS0298 = - RT 2ln 2
x 400 y = -8,31.400 ln2.10-2
x 600 y = -8,31.600 ln4
= ∆ rH 0298 = 52833() = 52,833 ;
y = ∆ rS 0298 = 99,575 /.
ln = ln = ()= 7,95; 800 = 56,55
▼ . ,
3() = () + 2()
2, = 104 .
. = 2, = 104/105=0,1.
∆ rH 0 ∆ rS 0 :
∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 T ∆ rS0298 = - RT ln
∆ rH 0298=∆ fH0298, +∆ fH0298, 2-∆ fH0298, 3=178,1 ;
∆ rS 0298 = S 0298,C+ S 0298,2 - S 0298,3 = 160,5 /
178,1.103 .160,5= -8,31 ln0,1 Þ = 991
▼ .
() + 2() = 2()
= 1000 = 2 n CO2 = 5
.
Kp =exp(- ∆G0 / RT)
Kp 1000 = exp(+3160/8,31 . 1000)= (0,38) = 1, 46
2 | 2 | ||
., | - | ||
, | - | 2 x | |
, | - | 5 x | 2 x |
= = = 1,46
= 1,7 .
: n(2) = 5-1,7=3,3
n() = 2×1,7 = 3,4.
▼ . 2 () + 2() = 2()
= 1000 , Va = 2, m (2) = 44,
.
.
2 = = = 0,5/; 1000 = 0,018
:
2 | 2 | ||
.,/ | - | 0,5 | |
.,/ | - | 2 x | |
./ | - | 0,5 x | 2 x |
= = 0,018 Þ = 0,0387/
= 2. 0,0387 = 0,0774/
2 = 0,5 - 0,0387 = 0,4613 /
0 = RT = 0,5.0,0821000 = 41
|
|
= (0,5- +2 ) RT = 44,173 Þ D = 3,173
▼ .
() + 2() = 2()?
. Þ :
:
) , .. ∆ rH 0298 > 0;
) , .. ,
) 2 ( ).